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۲۰۲۱ کتاب Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Elsevier; 6th edition (October 20, 2020)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ ۱۲۱۸ pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ ۰۳۲۳۶۷۲۹۳۰
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ ۹۷۸۰۳۲۳۶۷۲۹۳۱

Contents

  • Instructions for online access
  • Cover image
  • Title page
  • Table of Contents
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Preface
  • Contributors

 

  • Section 1. Biologic Aspects of Gastrointestinal Function
  • ۱٫ Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Introduction
  • Early Development: Patterning the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • The Gastrointestinal Tract Develops Along FOUR Axes
  • Later Development and Postnatal Maturation of the Intestine
  • Conclusion and Future Perspectives

 

  • ۲٫ Basic Aspects of Digestion and Absorption
  • Introduction
  • Key Principles of Digestion and Absorption
  • The Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
  • The Digestive And Absorption Of Proteins
  • The Digestive And Absorption Of Lipids
  • Unique Aspects of Digestion and Absorption in Infants
  • Digestion and Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
  • Minerals and Trace Elements

 

  • ۳٫ Bile Acid Physiology and Alterations in the Enterohepatic Circulation
  • Introduction
  • Biosynthesis
  • Enterohepatic Circulation
  • Maturation of the Enterohepatic Circulation
  • Alterations in the Enterohepatic Circulation
  • Alteration of Primary Bile Acid Biosynthesis
  • Alteration of Hepatic Bile Acid Transport
  • Mechanism of Bile Acid–Induced Diarrhea
  • Summary

 

  • ۴٫ The Gut Microbiome in Pediatrics
  • Introduction

 

  • ۵٫ Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immunology and Mechanisms of Inflammation
  • The Components of gut Immune Responses
  • The Generation of Inflammation
  • Mechanisms That Prevent Inflammatory Reactions to gut Luminal Contents
  • Organization of the Mucosal Immune System
  • Components of the Mucosal Immune System
  • The Establishment and Maintenance of Oral Tolerance to Antigens and the Flora
  • Patterns of Inflammatory Response Within the Intestine
  • Conclusions
  • Section 2. Clinical Problems

 

  • ۶٫ Chronic Abdominal Pain of Childhood and Adolescence
  • Introduction
  • Pathophysiology
  • Evaluation
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۷٫ Approach to the Child with a Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder
  • Biomedical Model
  • Biopsychosocial Model
  • Early Learning: Developmental Aspects of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
  • Effective Reassurance
  • Biomedical Versus Biopsychosocial Models
  • Treatment
  • Approach to the Child or Adolescent With Pain-Associated Disability Syndrome
  • What Should a Pediatric Gastroenterology Consultation Accomplish?
  • Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۸٫ Vomiting and Nausea
  • Vomiting Event
  • Clinical Aspects of Vomiting
  • Nausea
  • Specific Vomiting Disorders

 

  • ۹٫ Diarrhea
  • Definition and Epidemiology
  • Physiology of Stool Formation
  • Classification of Diarrhea
  • Pathophysiology of Secretory Diarrhea
  • Pathophysiology of Osmotic Diarrhea
  • Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Diarrhea
  • Evaluation of a Child with Diarrhea
  • Further Evaluation
  • Evaluation of a Child with Acute Diarrhea
  • Diagnostic Testing in a Child with Chronic Diarrhea
  • Differential Diagnosis
  • Malabsorptive Diarrheas (See Box 9.5)
  • Congenital Diarrheal Diseases
  • Chronic Inflammatory Diarrhea
  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome
  • Intestinal Failure (Short Bowel Syndrome)
  • Medication-Induced Diarrhea
  • Neurohormonal Causes of Diarrhea
  • Summary

 

  • ۱۰٫ Colic and Gastrointestinal Gas
  • Gastrointestinal Gas
  • Colic
  • Conclusions

 

  • ۱۱٫ Functional Constipation and Fecal Incontinence
  • Definitions
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Quality of Life
  • Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis
  • Treatment for Constipation
  • Treatment of Fnrfi
  • Follow-Up and Prognosis

 

  • ۱۲٫ Failure to Thrive/Growth Faltering
  • What is Failure to Thrive?
  • Diagnosing Failure to Thrive
  • Pitfalls in Diagnosing Failure to Thrive
  • Importance of Early Identification of Failure to Thrive
  • Causes and Evaluation of Failure to Thrive
  • Behavioral Concerns
  • Laboratory Testing
  • Treatment of Failure to Thrive

 

  • ۱۳٫ Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
  • Introduction
  • Definitions
  • Initial Interventions
  • Causes and Differential Diagnosis
  • Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Toddler and School Aged Children (Box 13.10)
  • Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Adolescents and Young Adults (See Box 13.10)
  • Summary

 

  • ۱۴٫ Obesity
  • Definitions
  • Epidemiology
  • Etiology and Pathogenesis
  • Assessment of the Child with Obesity
  • Treatment
  • Summary

 

  • ۱۵٫ Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents
  • Updated Definitions: What did DSM-5 Actually Change?
  • Recognizing Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents
  • How can you Tell? Predictive Factors for Eating Disorders
  • Taking a History
  • Medical Complications From a Restricted Energy Intake
  • Refeeding Syndrome: What it is and How to Prevent it
  • Medical Complications From Purging
  • Effects of Vomiting as a Means of Purging
  • Medical Complications of Bingeing
  • Prognosis: Bone, Brain, and Babies (or Future Fertility)
  • Prevention: How it can be Done Better
  • Conclusions

 

  • ۱۶٫ Jaundice: Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
  • Bilirubin Metabolism
  • Assessment of Jaundice
  • Neonatal Jaundice

 

  • ۱۷٫ Ascites
  • Overview
  • Pathophysiology
  • Etiology
  • Diagnosis
  • Management
  • Complications

 

  • ۱۸٫ Caustic Ingestion and Foreign Bodies
  • Ingestion of Caustic Agents
  • Ingestion of Foreign Bodies
  • Acute Management of Foreign Bodies
  • Conclusion
  • Section 3. The Esophagus

 

  • ۱۹٫ Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus
  • Developmental Anatomy of the Foregut/Esophagus
  • Genetic and Molecular Aspects of Tracheoesophageal Development
  • Anatomy of the Esophagus
  • Physiology of the Esophagus
  • Fetal and Neonatal Swallowing
  • Swallowing in the Normal Infant and Child
  • Summary

 

  • ۲۰٫ Congenital Malformations of the Esophagus
  • Congenital Lesions of the Esophagus
  • congenital esophageal stenosis
  • Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
  • Laryngotracheoesophageal Clefts

 

  • ۲۱٫ Gastroesophageal Reflux
  • Abbreviations
  • Introduction
  • Definitions
  • Prevalence and Environmental/Genetic Factors
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs

 

  • ۲۲٫ Achalasia and Other Motor Disorders
  • Disorders of the Proximal Esophagus
  • Disorders of the Distal Esophagus
  • New Treatments

 

  • ۲۳٫ Other Diseases of the Esophagus
  • Esophageal Symptoms
  • Infections
  • Other Inflammatory Causes of “Esophageal Symptoms”
  • Esophageal Tumors
  • Section 4. The Stomach

 

  • ۲۴٫ Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach
  • Histology
  • Neuromuscular Functions
  • Gastric Secretions
  • Gastric Acid Secretion
  • Pepsinogen
  • Mucus and Bicarbonate Secretion
  • Gastric Lipase
  • Intrinsic Factor

 

  • ۲۵٫ Congenital Anomalies and Surgical Disorders of the Stomach
  • Embryology
  • Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  • Foveolar Hyperplasia
  • Congenital Gastric Outlet Obstruction
  • Gastric Volvulus
  • Congenital Microgastria
  • Gastric Perforation
  • Gastric and Duodenal Duplications
  • Polyps
  • Tumors
  • Gastric Foreign Bodies

 

  • ۲۶٫ Gastritis, Gastropathy, and Ulcer Disease
  • Incidence
  • Clinical Presentation
  • Diagnostic Testing
  • Etiology and Types of Gastritis, Gastropathies, and Ulcer Disease
  • Medications
  • Vascular Gastropathies

 

  • ۲۷٫ Helicobacter pylori in Childhood
  • Epidemiology
  • Host Factors and Responses
  • Bacterial Factors and Adaptations
  • Disease Associations
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۲۸٫ Gastric Motility Disorders
  • Introduction
  • Physiology of Gastric Motility and Sensation
  • Evaluation of Gastric Motility and Sensation
  • Gastroparesis
  • Functional Dyspepsia
  • Rumination Syndrome
  • Dumping Syndrome
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۲۹٫ Bezoars
  • Definitions
  • Epidemiology
  • Classification and Pathogenesis
  • Clinical Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Section 5. The Small and Large Intestine

 

  • ۳۰٫ Anatomy and Physiology of the Small and Large Intestines
  • Intestinal Anatomy
  • Physiology of Water and ion Transport

 

  • ۳۱٫ Maldigestion and Malabsorption
  • Maldigestion and Malabsorption
  • Lipids
  • Proteins and Amino Acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Functional and Structural Aspects of the Enterocyte
  • Vitamins and Minerals
  • Special Situations
  • Diagnostic Considerations
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۳۲٫ Protracted Diarrhea
  • Introduction
  • Definition and Epidemiology
  • Classification of Protracted Diarrhea
  • Assessment of the Patient With Protracted Diarrhea
  • Congenital Diarrheal Disorders
  • Structural Abnormalities
  • Neonatal Diarrhea With Normal Crypt-Villus Structure

 

  • ۳۳٫ Protein-Losing Enteropathy
  • Definition
  • Lymph Formation and Composition
  • Pathophysiology and Etiologies of Protein-Losing Enteropathy
  • Diagnosis of Protein-Losing Enteropathy
  • Management

 

  • ۳۴٫ Celiac Disease
  • Definition
  • Historical Background
  • Cereal Proteins and Other Environmental Factors
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Laboratory and Pathology Findings
  • HLA
  • Diagnosis
  • Therapy

 

  • ۳۵٫ Short Bowel Syndrome
  • Definition and Historical Perspective
  • Etiology and Prevalence
  • Pathophysiology of Short Bowel Syndrome
  • Clinical Management of Short Bowel Syndrome
  • Pharmacologic Management of Short Bowel Syndrome
  • Outcomes and Costs in Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome
  • Summary

 

  • ۳۶٫ Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation: Recent Advances
  • Pathophysiology of Gut Failure
  • Principles of Gut Rehabilitation
  • Current Clinical Practice
  • Advances in Immunosuppression
  • Postoperative Management
  • Graft-Versus-Host Disease
  • Discharge Planning
  • Long-Term Outcome
  • Quality of Life
  • Summary

 

  • ۳۷٫ Allergic and Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease
  • Overview
  • Food Allergy or Hypersensitivity
  • Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease
  • Eosinophilic Esophagitis
  • Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
  • Eosinophilic Proctocolitis
  • Other Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Allergy
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۳۸٫ Infectious Diarrhea
  • Multiplex Molecular Testing, an Introduction
  • Viral Gastroenteritis
  • Rotavirus
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Clinical Manifestations
  • Pathophysiology
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Small Round Structured Viruses
  • Other Viruses
  • Bacterial Gastroenteritis
  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Pathogenesis
  • Yersinia
  • Cholera
  • Potential Diarrheagenic Organisms
  • Probiotics and Diarrhea
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۳۹٫ Enteric Parasites
  • Epidemiology
  • Host Factors
  • Clinical Presentations
  • Diagnosis
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Benefits of Parasites
  • Medication Difficulty
  • Pathogenic Organisms

 

  • ۴۰٫ Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Immunodeficiency
  • Introduction
  • Innate Versus Adaptive Immunity
  • Components of the Adaptive Immune Response
  • Humoral Immunodeficiencies
  • Cellular Immunodeficiencies
  • Combined Cellular–Humoral Immunodeficiencies
  • Disorders of Phagocyte Function
  • Other Primary Immunodeficiencies
  • Immune Dysfunction, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-Linked
  • Interleukin-10 Receptor Mutations
  • Approach to the Evaluation and Treatment of Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Secondary Immunodeficiencies

 

  • ۴۱٫ Pediatric Polyposis Syndromes
  • Introduction
  • The Single Hamartomatous Polyp (the Juvenile Polyp)
  • Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes
  • Adenomatous Polyposis Syndromes
  • Other Polyposis Syndromes
  • Summary

 

  • ۴۲٫ Crohn Disease
  • Epidemiology of Crohn Disease
  • Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Crohn Disease
  • Diagnostic Workup of Children With Suspected Crohn Disease
  • Disease Classification
  • Classification of Crohn Disease
  • Very Early Onset Crohn Disease
  • Assessing Disease Activity and Outcomes in Crohn Disease
  • Therapy
  • Adjunctive Therapy
  • Transition to Adult Crohn Disease Services
  • Psychological Functioning and Support
  • Future

 

  • ۴۳٫ Ulcerative Colitis in Children and Adolescents
  • Epidemiology
  • Genetics
  • Etiology
  • Pathology
  • Clinical Features
  • Complications
  • Diagnosis
  • Differential Diagnosis
  • Medical Therapies
  • Surgery
  • Course and Prognosis

 

  • ۴۴٫ Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
  • Clinical Presentation
  • Pathophysiology
  • Diagnosis and Evaluation
  • Treatment
  • Nutrition
  • Medications
  • Surgery
  • Outcomes

 

  • ۴۵٫ Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Clinical Manifestations
  • Diagnosis
  • Prevention
  • Management
  • Outcome

 

  • ۴۶٫ Disorders of the Anorectum: Fissures, Fistulas, Prolapse, Hemorrhoids, Tags
  • Anal Fissure
  • Rectal Prolapse
  • FistulaS
  • Hemorrhoids
  • Tags and Miscellaneous Conditions
  • Summary

 

  • ۴۷٫ Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Neoplasms of the Luminal Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Neoplasms of Lymphoid Origin
  • Lymphonodular Hyperplasia
  • Lymphoma
  • Neoplasms of Epithelial Origin
  • Carcinoma of the Colon
  • Carcinoma of the Stomach
  • Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumors
  • Neoplasms of Mesenchymal Origin
  • Smooth Muscle Origin
  • Stromal Cell Origin

 

  • ۴۸٫ Neoplasms of the Liver
  • Benign Masses
  • Malignant Masses

 

  • ۴۹٫ Other Diseases of the Small Intestine and Colon
  • Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
  • Microscopic Colitis
  • Celiac Crisis
  • Diverticular Disease
  • Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
  • Hidradenitis Suppurativa
  • Typhlitis
  • Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
  • Mesenteric Adenitis
  • Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

 

  • ۵۰٫ Appendicitis
  • Introduction
  • Embryology and Anatomy
  • Pathophysiology
  • Pathology
  • Clinical Presentation
  • Patient Evaluation
  • Diagnostic Tests
  • Differential Diagnosis
  • Management Options
  • Complications
  • Discharge and Follow-Up Care
  • Chronic Appendiceal Pain
  • Section 6. Pediatric Surgical Disorders

 

  • ۵۱٫ Intussusception in Infants and Children
  • Introduction
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Clinical Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Special Considerations

 

  • ۵۲٫ Inguinal Hernias and Hydroceles
  • Embryology
  • Clinical Presentation
  • Management
  • Complications

 

  • ۵۳٫ Meckel Diverticula and Other Omphalomesenteric Duct Remnants
  • Introduction
  • Clinical Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Summary

 

  • ۵۴٫ Hirschsprung Disease
  • Etiology and Genetics
  • Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
  • Surgical Management of Hirschsprung Disease
  • Postoperative Outcomes
  • “Variant” Hirschsprung Disease
  • Future Directions

 

  • ۵۵٫ Imperforate Anus
  • Classification and Description of Defects
  • Associated Defects
  • Early Management and Diagnosis
  • Main Repair
  • Functional Sequelae

 

  • ۵۶٫ Abnormal Rotation and Fixation of the Intestine
  • Embryology
  • Anatomy
  • Clinical Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Complications, Results, Outcome
  • Summary

 

  • ۵۷٫ Small and Large Bowel Stenosis and Atresias
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunoileum
  • Colon
  • Summary

 

  • ۵۸٫ Newborn Abdominal Wall Defects
  • Historical Background
  • Embryogenesis
  • Etiology
  • The Evolution of Epidemiology
  • Anatomic Considerations
  • Prenatal Management
  • Obstetric Delivery
  • Immediate Postnatal Management
  • Surgical Management
  • Postoperative Complications
  • outcomes
  • Cost of Treatment

 

  • ۵۹٫ Stomas of the Small and Large Intestine
  • Introduction
  • Ileostomies
  • Surgical Techniques
  • Complications
  • Colostomies
  • Stomas for Feeding Purposes
  • Conclusions
  • Section 7. Gastrointestinal Procedures

 

  • ۶۰٫ Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Related Techniques
  • Personnel
  • Facilities
  • Equipment
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Antibiotic Prophylaxis
  • Preparation
  • Sedation and Monitoring
  • Anatomy
  • Technique
  • Biopsy Technique
  • Stomach
  • Therapeutic Endoscopy
  • Injection
  • Thermocoagulation
  • Heater Probe
  • Electrocoagulation
  • Stricture Dilation
  • Small Bowel Enteroscopy
  • Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
  • Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
  • Percutaneous Endoscopic Jejunostomy
  • Polypectomy
  • Special Endoscopic Techniques
  • Endoscopic Ultrasonography
  • Chromoendoscopy and Narrow Band Imaging
  • Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy
  • Additional Techniques
  • Complications
  • Overall Complication Rates and Sedation Related Complications

 

  • ۶۱٫ Colonoscopy, Polypectomy, and Related Techniques
  • Personnel, Sedation, and Antibiotic Prophylaxis
  • Equipment
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Preparation
  • Flexible Proctosigmoidoscopy
  • Anoscopy and Rigid Proctosigmoidoscopy
  • Biopsy Technique
  • Therapeutic Colonoscopy
  • Injection
  • Thermocoagulation: Heater Probe, Multipolar Probes
  • Argon Plasma Coagulation
  • Endoscopic Hemostatic Devices Including Bands and Clips
  • Laser Photocoagulation
  • Special Endoscopic Techniques and Equipment
  • Carbon Dioxide Insufflation
  • Water-Immersion Colonoscopy
  • Advanced Imaging Techniques
  • Complications

 

  • ۶۲٫ Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
  • Pancreaticobiliary Imaging Methods
  • Indications for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
  • Contraindications to Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
  • Preparation for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
  • Technique of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
  • Biliary Disorders
  • Choledocholithiasis
  • Choledochal Cyst
  • Biliary Strictures
  • Biliary Leaks
  • Unusual Biliary Infections
  • Biliary Dyskinesia
  • Pancreatic Disorders
  • Complications of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
  • Summary

 

  • ۶۳٫ Capsule Endoscopy and Small Bowel Enteroscopy
  • Equipment
  • Performance of Video Capsule Endoscopy Study
  • Indications
  • Limitations
  • Contraindications and Complications
  • Enteroscopy
  • Complications
  • Intraoperative Enteroscopy
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۶۴٫ Gastrointestinal Motility Procedures
  • Gastrointestinal Motility Studies
  • Esophageal Manometry
  • Antroduodenal Manometry
  • Colonic Manometry
  • Anorectal Manometry
  • Summary

 

  • ۶۵٫ Gastrointestinal Pathology
  • Esophageal Biopsy
  • Stomach Biopsy
  • Small Intestinal Biopsy
  • Interpretation of Colonic Mucosal Biopsy Specimens
  • Evaluation of Resection Specimens in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Disorders of Intestinal Motility
  • Gastrointestinal Polyps and Polyposis Syndromes

 

  • ۶۶٫ Liver Pathology
  • Functional Anatomy and Histology of the Liver
  • Neonatal Cholestasis
  • Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction Pattern
  • Giant Cell Hepatitis Pattern
  • Bland Cholestasis Pattern
  • Ductopenia Pattern
  • Chronic Liver Disease in Older Children
  • Miscellaneous Conditions Leading to Liver Biopsy
  • Liver Transplant Pathology
  • Summary
  • Liver Tumors in Children
  • Section 8. The Liver and Bile Ducts

 

  • ۶۷٫ Structural and Functional Development of the Hepatobiliary System
  • Introduction
  • Principles of Hepatobiliary Development In Humans and Other Model Organisms
  • Structural Development of the Hepatobiliary System
  • Functional Development of the Liver
  • Stem Cells and Liver Regeneration
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments

 

  • ۶۸٫ Neonatal Hepatitis
  • Approach to the Infant With Cholestasis
  • Cholestasis Associated With Infection
  • Systemic Conditions Associated With Neonatal Hepatitis
  • Idiopathic Neonatal Hepatitis
  • Management of Neonatal Cholestasis
  • Summary
  • Acknowledgments

 

  • ۶۹٫ Biliary Atresia and Neonatal Disorders of the Bile Ducts
  • Surgically Correctable Disorders
  • Non–Surgically Correctable Disorders

 

  • ۷۰٫ Pediatric Cholestatic Liver Disease
  • Defects in Bile Acid Production
  • Other Inherited Cholestatic Disorders
  • Disorders of Embryogenesis: Alagille Syndrome
  • Disorders of Mitochondrial Function
  • α۱-Antitrypsin Deficiency
  • Diagnosis of Genetic Cholestasis
  • Cholestatic Liver Conditions Without Genetic Explanations

 

  • ۷۱٫ Mitochondrial Hepatopathies: Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation and the Respiratory Chain
  • Defects In Fatty Acid Oxidation
  • Fatty Acid Transport Defects
  • Carnitine Transporter Deficiency
  • Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 Deficiency
  • Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency
  • Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 2 Deficiency
  • Very-Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase Deficiency
  • Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase and Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein Deficiencies
  • Medium-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase Deficiency
  • Short-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase Deficiency
  • Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase 9 Deficiency
  • Multiple Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency (Glutaric Acidemia Type 2)
  • Clinical Phenotypes

 

  • ۷۲٫ Abnormalities of Hepatic Protein Metabolism
  • α۱-Antitrypsin Deficiency
  • Tyrosinemia
  • Treatment
  • Chronic Management and Laboratory Monitoring

 

  • ۷۳٫ Abnormalities of Carbohydrate Metabolism and the Liver
  • Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  • Galactosemia
  • Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
  • Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Deficiency
  • Glycogen Storage Disease

 

  • ۷۴٫ Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  • Introduction
  • Natural History
  • Liver Biopsy
  • Routine Laboratory Tests and Novel Biomarkers
  • Imaging Techniques
  • Insulin-Sensitizing Agents
  • Conclusions

 

  • ۷۵٫ Acute and Chronic Hepatitis
  • Evaluation of the Child with Hepatitis
  • Hepatotropic Viruses
  • Autoimmune Hepatitis
  • Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  • Treatment of Hepatitis
  • Summary

 

  • ۷۶٫ Portal Hypertension
  • Pathogenesis of Portal Hypertension
  • Disorders Associated With Portal Hypertension
  • Clinical Features
  • Summary
  • Acknowledgment

 

  • ۷۷٫ Liver Failure
  • Chronic Liver Failure
  • Acute Liver Failure
  • Summary

 

  • ۷۸٫ Liver Transplantation in Children
  • Indications for Liver Transplantation
  • General Contraindications for Liver Transplantation in Children
  • Evaluation of Pediatric Liver Transplantation Candidates
  • Preparation for Liver Transplantation
  • Organ Allocation
  • Liver Transplantation Surgery
  • Donor Operation
  • Recipient Operation
  • Posttransplant Management and Complications
  • Growth, Development, and Quality of Life
  • Nonadherence With Immunosuppression
  • Survival After Liver Transplantation
  • Liver Transplantation in Special Groups
  • Withdrawal of Immunosuppression and Tolerance
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۷۹٫ Diseases of the Gallbladder
  • Epidemiology of Gallstone Disease
  • Pathophysiology of Gallstone Disease
  • Cholesterol Stones
  • Pigment Stones
  • Gallstones in Infants
  • Total Parenteral Nutrition—Associated Stones
  • Cystic Fibrosis—Associated Gallstones
  • Ileal Disease and Ileal Resection—Associated Stones
  • Drug-Associated Stones
  • Diagnosis of Gallstone Disease
  • Treatment of Gallstone Disease
  • Cholecystitis
  • Choledocholithiasis (Common Bile Duct Stones)
  • Acalculous Cholecystitis
  • Acute Hydrops of the Gallbladder
  • Unusual Diseases of the Gallbladder
  • Acknowledgments
  • Section 9. The Pancreas

 

  • ۸۰٫ Pancreatic Development
  • Buds Form and Fuse
  • Ductal System Forms
  • Differentiation of Pancreatic Progenitors
  • Programmed Development by Hierarchical Signals
  • Regenerative Capacity of the Pancreas
  • Summary on Pancreatic Development
  • Pancreatic Secretion and Exocrine Function

 

  • ۸۱٫ Cystic Fibrosis and Congenital Anomalies of the Exocrine Pancreas
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Gastrointestinal Malignancies
  • Structural Abnormalities of the Pancreas
  • Functional Abnormalities of the Pancreas

 

  • ۸۲٫ Pancreatitis
  • Pediatric Pancreatitis
  • Definition and Classification
  • Acute Pancreatitis
  • Chronic Pancreatitis
  • Acknowledgment

 

  • ۸۳٫ Total Pancreatectomy With Islet Autotransplantation
  • Total Pancreatectomy with Islet Autotransplantation
  • Surgical Procedure of Total Pancreatectomy
  • Islet Isolation and Reintroduction

 

  • ۸۴٫ Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
  • Embryologic Origin of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
  • Classification of Pnets—Functional and Nonfunctional, Sporadic and Hereditary
  • Grading and Staging
  • Inherited Syndromes
  • Nesidioblastosis
  • Insulinoma
  • Gastrinoma
  • Rare Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
  • Locally Advanced/Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۸۵٫ Infant and Toddler Nutrition
  • Introduction
  • Growth
  • Breastfeeding
  • Formula Feeding
  • Complementary Feeding
  • Supplements
  • Toddlers
  • Descriptive Information
  • Nutrient Information
  • Specific Nutrient Deficits
  • Eating the Right Amount of the Right Foods
  • Toddlers’ Nutrition and Stooling
  • Conclusion
  • Section 10. Nutrition

 

  • ۸۶٫ Nutritional Assessment
  • Normal Growth and Body Composition in Children
  • Prevalence and Classification of Malnutrition in Pediatric Patients
  • Indications for Nutrition Assessment
  • Management of Severe Malnutrition
  • Summary

 

  • ۸۷٫ Tubes for Enteric Access
  • Tubes to Remove Contents (Suction Tubes)
  • Tubes to add Content (Feeding Tubes)
  • Evaluation
  • Considerations for Short-Term Access
  • Considerations for Long-Term Access
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux and Feeding Tubes
  • Summary

 

  • ۸۸٫ Parenteral Nutrition
  • Indications
  • Route of Administration
  • Parenteral Nutrition Components and Requirements
  • Shortages
  • Monitoring
  • Complications
  • Total Nutrient Admixtures
  • Cyclic Parenteral Nutrition
  • Home Parenteral Nutrition
  • Monitoring The Home Parenteral Nutrition Patient
  • Summary

 

  • ۸۹٫ Enteral Nutrition
  • Background
  • Metabolic Implications of Enteral Versus Parenteral Route
  • Steps Preceding Initiation of Enteral Feeding
  • An Approach to Selecting the Type of Enteral Feeding
  • FAT
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Vitamins and Minerals
  • Administration of Formula Feedings
  • Initiation of Feeds
  • Home Tube Feeding
  • Families of Children With Special Behavioral Issues
  • Discontinuing Enteral Feedings
  • Summary

 

  • ۹۰٫ Management of Diarrhea
  • Management of Acute Diarrhea
  • Pharmacologic Treatments
  • Management of Chronic Diarrhea
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۹۱٫ Effects of Digestive Diseases on Bone Metabolism
  • Introduction
  • Accretion of Bone Mass and Maintenance of Bone Mass
  • Bone Structure
  • Peak Bone Mass
  • Measurement of Bone Mass in Children
  • Definition of Osteoporosis in Children
  • Common Mechanisms by Which Digestive Diseases Affect Bone Mass
  • Selected Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Associated with Decreased Bone Mass
  • Treatment

 

  • ۹۲٫ Nutrition and Feeding for Children With Developmental Disabilities
  • Cerebral Palsy
  • Growth Failure and Malnutrition
  • Causes of Malnutrition
  • Laboratory Evaluation
  • Nutritional Goals
  • Obesity
  • Oral Feeding Evaluation
  • Conclusion

 

  • ۹۳٫ Fecal Transplant
  • Introduction
  • Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for rCDI
  • Investigational Uses of Fecal Microbiota
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments

 

  • Index
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