۲۰۲۱ کتاب Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease
Product details
- Publisher : Elsevier; 6th edition (October 20, 2020)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : ۱۲۱۸ pages
- ISBN-10 : ۰۳۲۳۶۷۲۹۳۰
- ISBN-13 : ۹۷۸۰۳۲۳۶۷۲۹۳۱
Contents
- Instructions for online access
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Preface
- Contributors
- Section 1. Biologic Aspects of Gastrointestinal Function
- ۱٫ Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Introduction
- Early Development: Patterning the Gastrointestinal Tract
- The Gastrointestinal Tract Develops Along FOUR Axes
- Later Development and Postnatal Maturation of the Intestine
- Conclusion and Future Perspectives
- ۲٫ Basic Aspects of Digestion and Absorption
- Introduction
- Key Principles of Digestion and Absorption
- The Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
- The Digestive And Absorption Of Proteins
- The Digestive And Absorption Of Lipids
- Unique Aspects of Digestion and Absorption in Infants
- Digestion and Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
- Minerals and Trace Elements
- ۳٫ Bile Acid Physiology and Alterations in the Enterohepatic Circulation
- Introduction
- Biosynthesis
- Enterohepatic Circulation
- Maturation of the Enterohepatic Circulation
- Alterations in the Enterohepatic Circulation
- Alteration of Primary Bile Acid Biosynthesis
- Alteration of Hepatic Bile Acid Transport
- Mechanism of Bile Acid–Induced Diarrhea
- Summary
- ۴٫ The Gut Microbiome in Pediatrics
- Introduction
- ۵٫ Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immunology and Mechanisms of Inflammation
- The Components of gut Immune Responses
- The Generation of Inflammation
- Mechanisms That Prevent Inflammatory Reactions to gut Luminal Contents
- Organization of the Mucosal Immune System
- Components of the Mucosal Immune System
- The Establishment and Maintenance of Oral Tolerance to Antigens and the Flora
- Patterns of Inflammatory Response Within the Intestine
- Conclusions
- Section 2. Clinical Problems
- ۶٫ Chronic Abdominal Pain of Childhood and Adolescence
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Evaluation
- Management
- Prognosis
- Conclusion
- ۷٫ Approach to the Child with a Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder
- Biomedical Model
- Biopsychosocial Model
- Early Learning: Developmental Aspects of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
- Effective Reassurance
- Biomedical Versus Biopsychosocial Models
- Treatment
- Approach to the Child or Adolescent With Pain-Associated Disability Syndrome
- What Should a Pediatric Gastroenterology Consultation Accomplish?
- Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
- Conclusion
- ۸٫ Vomiting and Nausea
- Vomiting Event
- Clinical Aspects of Vomiting
- Nausea
- Specific Vomiting Disorders
- ۹٫ Diarrhea
- Definition and Epidemiology
- Physiology of Stool Formation
- Classification of Diarrhea
- Pathophysiology of Secretory Diarrhea
- Pathophysiology of Osmotic Diarrhea
- Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Diarrhea
- Evaluation of a Child with Diarrhea
- Further Evaluation
- Evaluation of a Child with Acute Diarrhea
- Diagnostic Testing in a Child with Chronic Diarrhea
- Differential Diagnosis
- Malabsorptive Diarrheas (See Box 9.5)
- Congenital Diarrheal Diseases
- Chronic Inflammatory Diarrhea
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Intestinal Failure (Short Bowel Syndrome)
- Medication-Induced Diarrhea
- Neurohormonal Causes of Diarrhea
- Summary
- ۱۰٫ Colic and Gastrointestinal Gas
- Gastrointestinal Gas
- Colic
- Conclusions
- ۱۱٫ Functional Constipation and Fecal Incontinence
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Quality of Life
- Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis
- Treatment for Constipation
- Treatment of Fnrfi
- Follow-Up and Prognosis
- ۱۲٫ Failure to Thrive/Growth Faltering
- What is Failure to Thrive?
- Diagnosing Failure to Thrive
- Pitfalls in Diagnosing Failure to Thrive
- Importance of Early Identification of Failure to Thrive
- Causes and Evaluation of Failure to Thrive
- Behavioral Concerns
- Laboratory Testing
- Treatment of Failure to Thrive
- ۱۳٫ Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Initial Interventions
- Causes and Differential Diagnosis
- Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Toddler and School Aged Children (Box 13.10)
- Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Adolescents and Young Adults (See Box 13.10)
- Summary
- ۱۴٫ Obesity
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Assessment of the Child with Obesity
- Treatment
- Summary
- ۱۵٫ Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents
- Updated Definitions: What did DSM-5 Actually Change?
- Recognizing Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents
- How can you Tell? Predictive Factors for Eating Disorders
- Taking a History
- Medical Complications From a Restricted Energy Intake
- Refeeding Syndrome: What it is and How to Prevent it
- Medical Complications From Purging
- Effects of Vomiting as a Means of Purging
- Medical Complications of Bingeing
- Prognosis: Bone, Brain, and Babies (or Future Fertility)
- Prevention: How it can be Done Better
- Conclusions
- ۱۶٫ Jaundice: Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
- Bilirubin Metabolism
- Assessment of Jaundice
- Neonatal Jaundice
- ۱۷٫ Ascites
- Overview
- Pathophysiology
- Etiology
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Complications
- ۱۸٫ Caustic Ingestion and Foreign Bodies
- Ingestion of Caustic Agents
- Ingestion of Foreign Bodies
- Acute Management of Foreign Bodies
- Conclusion
- Section 3. The Esophagus
- ۱۹٫ Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus
- Developmental Anatomy of the Foregut/Esophagus
- Genetic and Molecular Aspects of Tracheoesophageal Development
- Anatomy of the Esophagus
- Physiology of the Esophagus
- Fetal and Neonatal Swallowing
- Swallowing in the Normal Infant and Child
- Summary
- ۲۰٫ Congenital Malformations of the Esophagus
- Congenital Lesions of the Esophagus
- congenital esophageal stenosis
- Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- Laryngotracheoesophageal Clefts
- ۲۱٫ Gastroesophageal Reflux
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Prevalence and Environmental/Genetic Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Symptoms and Signs
- ۲۲٫ Achalasia and Other Motor Disorders
- Disorders of the Proximal Esophagus
- Disorders of the Distal Esophagus
- New Treatments
- ۲۳٫ Other Diseases of the Esophagus
- Esophageal Symptoms
- Infections
- Other Inflammatory Causes of “Esophageal Symptoms”
- Esophageal Tumors
- Section 4. The Stomach
- ۲۴٫ Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach
- Histology
- Neuromuscular Functions
- Gastric Secretions
- Gastric Acid Secretion
- Pepsinogen
- Mucus and Bicarbonate Secretion
- Gastric Lipase
- Intrinsic Factor
- ۲۵٫ Congenital Anomalies and Surgical Disorders of the Stomach
- Embryology
- Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
- Foveolar Hyperplasia
- Congenital Gastric Outlet Obstruction
- Gastric Volvulus
- Congenital Microgastria
- Gastric Perforation
- Gastric and Duodenal Duplications
- Polyps
- Tumors
- Gastric Foreign Bodies
- ۲۶٫ Gastritis, Gastropathy, and Ulcer Disease
- Incidence
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Testing
- Etiology and Types of Gastritis, Gastropathies, and Ulcer Disease
- Medications
- Vascular Gastropathies
- ۲۷٫ Helicobacter pylori in Childhood
- Epidemiology
- Host Factors and Responses
- Bacterial Factors and Adaptations
- Disease Associations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- ۲۸٫ Gastric Motility Disorders
- Introduction
- Physiology of Gastric Motility and Sensation
- Evaluation of Gastric Motility and Sensation
- Gastroparesis
- Functional Dyspepsia
- Rumination Syndrome
- Dumping Syndrome
- Conclusion
- ۲۹٫ Bezoars
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Classification and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Section 5. The Small and Large Intestine
- ۳۰٫ Anatomy and Physiology of the Small and Large Intestines
- Intestinal Anatomy
- Physiology of Water and ion Transport
- ۳۱٫ Maldigestion and Malabsorption
- Maldigestion and Malabsorption
- Lipids
- Proteins and Amino Acids
- Carbohydrates
- Functional and Structural Aspects of the Enterocyte
- Vitamins and Minerals
- Special Situations
- Diagnostic Considerations
- Conclusion
- ۳۲٫ Protracted Diarrhea
- Introduction
- Definition and Epidemiology
- Classification of Protracted Diarrhea
- Assessment of the Patient With Protracted Diarrhea
- Congenital Diarrheal Disorders
- Structural Abnormalities
- Neonatal Diarrhea With Normal Crypt-Villus Structure
- ۳۳٫ Protein-Losing Enteropathy
- Definition
- Lymph Formation and Composition
- Pathophysiology and Etiologies of Protein-Losing Enteropathy
- Diagnosis of Protein-Losing Enteropathy
- Management
- ۳۴٫ Celiac Disease
- Definition
- Historical Background
- Cereal Proteins and Other Environmental Factors
- Genetics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory and Pathology Findings
- HLA
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- ۳۵٫ Short Bowel Syndrome
- Definition and Historical Perspective
- Etiology and Prevalence
- Pathophysiology of Short Bowel Syndrome
- Clinical Management of Short Bowel Syndrome
- Pharmacologic Management of Short Bowel Syndrome
- Outcomes and Costs in Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome
- Summary
- ۳۶٫ Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation: Recent Advances
- Pathophysiology of Gut Failure
- Principles of Gut Rehabilitation
- Current Clinical Practice
- Advances in Immunosuppression
- Postoperative Management
- Graft-Versus-Host Disease
- Discharge Planning
- Long-Term Outcome
- Quality of Life
- Summary
- ۳۷٫ Allergic and Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease
- Overview
- Food Allergy or Hypersensitivity
- Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease
- Eosinophilic Esophagitis
- Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
- Eosinophilic Proctocolitis
- Other Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Allergy
- Conclusion
- ۳۸٫ Infectious Diarrhea
- Multiplex Molecular Testing, an Introduction
- Viral Gastroenteritis
- Rotavirus
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Small Round Structured Viruses
- Other Viruses
- Bacterial Gastroenteritis
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis and Treatment
- Pathogenesis
- Yersinia
- Cholera
- Potential Diarrheagenic Organisms
- Probiotics and Diarrhea
- Conclusion
- ۳۹٫ Enteric Parasites
- Epidemiology
- Host Factors
- Clinical Presentations
- Diagnosis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Benefits of Parasites
- Medication Difficulty
- Pathogenic Organisms
- ۴۰٫ Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Immunodeficiency
- Introduction
- Innate Versus Adaptive Immunity
- Components of the Adaptive Immune Response
- Humoral Immunodeficiencies
- Cellular Immunodeficiencies
- Combined Cellular–Humoral Immunodeficiencies
- Disorders of Phagocyte Function
- Other Primary Immunodeficiencies
- Immune Dysfunction, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-Linked
- Interleukin-10 Receptor Mutations
- Approach to the Evaluation and Treatment of Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Secondary Immunodeficiencies
- ۴۱٫ Pediatric Polyposis Syndromes
- Introduction
- The Single Hamartomatous Polyp (the Juvenile Polyp)
- Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes
- Adenomatous Polyposis Syndromes
- Other Polyposis Syndromes
- Summary
- ۴۲٫ Crohn Disease
- Epidemiology of Crohn Disease
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Crohn Disease
- Diagnostic Workup of Children With Suspected Crohn Disease
- Disease Classification
- Classification of Crohn Disease
- Very Early Onset Crohn Disease
- Assessing Disease Activity and Outcomes in Crohn Disease
- Therapy
- Adjunctive Therapy
- Transition to Adult Crohn Disease Services
- Psychological Functioning and Support
- Future
- ۴۳٫ Ulcerative Colitis in Children and Adolescents
- Epidemiology
- Genetics
- Etiology
- Pathology
- Clinical Features
- Complications
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Medical Therapies
- Surgery
- Course and Prognosis
- ۴۴٫ Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
- Clinical Presentation
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis and Evaluation
- Treatment
- Nutrition
- Medications
- Surgery
- Outcomes
- ۴۵٫ Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
- Epidemiology
- Pathology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Management
- Outcome
- ۴۶٫ Disorders of the Anorectum: Fissures, Fistulas, Prolapse, Hemorrhoids, Tags
- Anal Fissure
- Rectal Prolapse
- FistulaS
- Hemorrhoids
- Tags and Miscellaneous Conditions
- Summary
- ۴۷٫ Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Neoplasms of the Luminal Gastrointestinal Tract
- Neoplasms of Lymphoid Origin
- Lymphonodular Hyperplasia
- Lymphoma
- Neoplasms of Epithelial Origin
- Carcinoma of the Colon
- Carcinoma of the Stomach
- Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumors
- Neoplasms of Mesenchymal Origin
- Smooth Muscle Origin
- Stromal Cell Origin
- ۴۸٫ Neoplasms of the Liver
- Benign Masses
- Malignant Masses
- ۴۹٫ Other Diseases of the Small Intestine and Colon
- Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
- Microscopic Colitis
- Celiac Crisis
- Diverticular Disease
- Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
- Hidradenitis Suppurativa
- Typhlitis
- Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
- Mesenteric Adenitis
- Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
- ۵۰٫ Appendicitis
- Introduction
- Embryology and Anatomy
- Pathophysiology
- Pathology
- Clinical Presentation
- Patient Evaluation
- Diagnostic Tests
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management Options
- Complications
- Discharge and Follow-Up Care
- Chronic Appendiceal Pain
- Section 6. Pediatric Surgical Disorders
- ۵۱٫ Intussusception in Infants and Children
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Special Considerations
- ۵۲٫ Inguinal Hernias and Hydroceles
- Embryology
- Clinical Presentation
- Management
- Complications
- ۵۳٫ Meckel Diverticula and Other Omphalomesenteric Duct Remnants
- Introduction
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Summary
- ۵۴٫ Hirschsprung Disease
- Etiology and Genetics
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
- Surgical Management of Hirschsprung Disease
- Postoperative Outcomes
- “Variant” Hirschsprung Disease
- Future Directions
- ۵۵٫ Imperforate Anus
- Classification and Description of Defects
- Associated Defects
- Early Management and Diagnosis
- Main Repair
- Functional Sequelae
- ۵۶٫ Abnormal Rotation and Fixation of the Intestine
- Embryology
- Anatomy
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications, Results, Outcome
- Summary
- ۵۷٫ Small and Large Bowel Stenosis and Atresias
- Duodenum
- Jejunoileum
- Colon
- Summary
- ۵۸٫ Newborn Abdominal Wall Defects
- Historical Background
- Embryogenesis
- Etiology
- The Evolution of Epidemiology
- Anatomic Considerations
- Prenatal Management
- Obstetric Delivery
- Immediate Postnatal Management
- Surgical Management
- Postoperative Complications
- outcomes
- Cost of Treatment
- ۵۹٫ Stomas of the Small and Large Intestine
- Introduction
- Ileostomies
- Surgical Techniques
- Complications
- Colostomies
- Stomas for Feeding Purposes
- Conclusions
- Section 7. Gastrointestinal Procedures
- ۶۰٫ Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Related Techniques
- Personnel
- Facilities
- Equipment
- Indications
- Contraindications
- Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- Preparation
- Sedation and Monitoring
- Anatomy
- Technique
- Biopsy Technique
- Stomach
- Therapeutic Endoscopy
- Injection
- Thermocoagulation
- Heater Probe
- Electrocoagulation
- Stricture Dilation
- Small Bowel Enteroscopy
- Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
- Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
- Percutaneous Endoscopic Jejunostomy
- Polypectomy
- Special Endoscopic Techniques
- Endoscopic Ultrasonography
- Chromoendoscopy and Narrow Band Imaging
- Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy
- Additional Techniques
- Complications
- Overall Complication Rates and Sedation Related Complications
- ۶۱٫ Colonoscopy, Polypectomy, and Related Techniques
- Personnel, Sedation, and Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- Equipment
- Indications
- Contraindications
- Preparation
- Flexible Proctosigmoidoscopy
- Anoscopy and Rigid Proctosigmoidoscopy
- Biopsy Technique
- Therapeutic Colonoscopy
- Injection
- Thermocoagulation: Heater Probe, Multipolar Probes
- Argon Plasma Coagulation
- Endoscopic Hemostatic Devices Including Bands and Clips
- Laser Photocoagulation
- Special Endoscopic Techniques and Equipment
- Carbon Dioxide Insufflation
- Water-Immersion Colonoscopy
- Advanced Imaging Techniques
- Complications
- ۶۲٫ Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Pancreaticobiliary Imaging Methods
- Indications for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Contraindications to Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Preparation for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Technique of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Biliary Disorders
- Choledocholithiasis
- Choledochal Cyst
- Biliary Strictures
- Biliary Leaks
- Unusual Biliary Infections
- Biliary Dyskinesia
- Pancreatic Disorders
- Complications of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Summary
- ۶۳٫ Capsule Endoscopy and Small Bowel Enteroscopy
- Equipment
- Performance of Video Capsule Endoscopy Study
- Indications
- Limitations
- Contraindications and Complications
- Enteroscopy
- Complications
- Intraoperative Enteroscopy
- Conclusion
- ۶۴٫ Gastrointestinal Motility Procedures
- Gastrointestinal Motility Studies
- Esophageal Manometry
- Antroduodenal Manometry
- Colonic Manometry
- Anorectal Manometry
- Summary
- ۶۵٫ Gastrointestinal Pathology
- Esophageal Biopsy
- Stomach Biopsy
- Small Intestinal Biopsy
- Interpretation of Colonic Mucosal Biopsy Specimens
- Evaluation of Resection Specimens in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Disorders of Intestinal Motility
- Gastrointestinal Polyps and Polyposis Syndromes
- ۶۶٫ Liver Pathology
- Functional Anatomy and Histology of the Liver
- Neonatal Cholestasis
- Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction Pattern
- Giant Cell Hepatitis Pattern
- Bland Cholestasis Pattern
- Ductopenia Pattern
- Chronic Liver Disease in Older Children
- Miscellaneous Conditions Leading to Liver Biopsy
- Liver Transplant Pathology
- Summary
- Liver Tumors in Children
- Section 8. The Liver and Bile Ducts
- ۶۷٫ Structural and Functional Development of the Hepatobiliary System
- Introduction
- Principles of Hepatobiliary Development In Humans and Other Model Organisms
- Structural Development of the Hepatobiliary System
- Functional Development of the Liver
- Stem Cells and Liver Regeneration
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- ۶۸٫ Neonatal Hepatitis
- Approach to the Infant With Cholestasis
- Cholestasis Associated With Infection
- Systemic Conditions Associated With Neonatal Hepatitis
- Idiopathic Neonatal Hepatitis
- Management of Neonatal Cholestasis
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- ۶۹٫ Biliary Atresia and Neonatal Disorders of the Bile Ducts
- Surgically Correctable Disorders
- Non–Surgically Correctable Disorders
- ۷۰٫ Pediatric Cholestatic Liver Disease
- Defects in Bile Acid Production
- Other Inherited Cholestatic Disorders
- Disorders of Embryogenesis: Alagille Syndrome
- Disorders of Mitochondrial Function
- α۱-Antitrypsin Deficiency
- Diagnosis of Genetic Cholestasis
- Cholestatic Liver Conditions Without Genetic Explanations
- ۷۱٫ Mitochondrial Hepatopathies: Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation and the Respiratory Chain
- Defects In Fatty Acid Oxidation
- Fatty Acid Transport Defects
- Carnitine Transporter Deficiency
- Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 Deficiency
- Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency
- Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 2 Deficiency
- Very-Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase Deficiency
- Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase and Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein Deficiencies
- Medium-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase Deficiency
- Short-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase Deficiency
- Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase 9 Deficiency
- Multiple Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency (Glutaric Acidemia Type 2)
- Clinical Phenotypes
- ۷۲٫ Abnormalities of Hepatic Protein Metabolism
- α۱-Antitrypsin Deficiency
- Tyrosinemia
- Treatment
- Chronic Management and Laboratory Monitoring
- ۷۳٫ Abnormalities of Carbohydrate Metabolism and the Liver
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Galactosemia
- Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
- Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Deficiency
- Glycogen Storage Disease
- ۷۴٫ Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Introduction
- Natural History
- Liver Biopsy
- Routine Laboratory Tests and Novel Biomarkers
- Imaging Techniques
- Insulin-Sensitizing Agents
- Conclusions
- ۷۵٫ Acute and Chronic Hepatitis
- Evaluation of the Child with Hepatitis
- Hepatotropic Viruses
- Autoimmune Hepatitis
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Treatment of Hepatitis
- Summary
- ۷۶٫ Portal Hypertension
- Pathogenesis of Portal Hypertension
- Disorders Associated With Portal Hypertension
- Clinical Features
- Summary
- Acknowledgment
- ۷۷٫ Liver Failure
- Chronic Liver Failure
- Acute Liver Failure
- Summary
- ۷۸٫ Liver Transplantation in Children
- Indications for Liver Transplantation
- General Contraindications for Liver Transplantation in Children
- Evaluation of Pediatric Liver Transplantation Candidates
- Preparation for Liver Transplantation
- Organ Allocation
- Liver Transplantation Surgery
- Donor Operation
- Recipient Operation
- Posttransplant Management and Complications
- Growth, Development, and Quality of Life
- Nonadherence With Immunosuppression
- Survival After Liver Transplantation
- Liver Transplantation in Special Groups
- Withdrawal of Immunosuppression and Tolerance
- Conclusion
- ۷۹٫ Diseases of the Gallbladder
- Epidemiology of Gallstone Disease
- Pathophysiology of Gallstone Disease
- Cholesterol Stones
- Pigment Stones
- Gallstones in Infants
- Total Parenteral Nutrition—Associated Stones
- Cystic Fibrosis—Associated Gallstones
- Ileal Disease and Ileal Resection—Associated Stones
- Drug-Associated Stones
- Diagnosis of Gallstone Disease
- Treatment of Gallstone Disease
- Cholecystitis
- Choledocholithiasis (Common Bile Duct Stones)
- Acalculous Cholecystitis
- Acute Hydrops of the Gallbladder
- Unusual Diseases of the Gallbladder
- Acknowledgments
- Section 9. The Pancreas
- ۸۰٫ Pancreatic Development
- Buds Form and Fuse
- Ductal System Forms
- Differentiation of Pancreatic Progenitors
- Programmed Development by Hierarchical Signals
- Regenerative Capacity of the Pancreas
- Summary on Pancreatic Development
- Pancreatic Secretion and Exocrine Function
- ۸۱٫ Cystic Fibrosis and Congenital Anomalies of the Exocrine Pancreas
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies
- Structural Abnormalities of the Pancreas
- Functional Abnormalities of the Pancreas
- ۸۲٫ Pancreatitis
- Pediatric Pancreatitis
- Definition and Classification
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Chronic Pancreatitis
- Acknowledgment
- ۸۳٫ Total Pancreatectomy With Islet Autotransplantation
- Total Pancreatectomy with Islet Autotransplantation
- Surgical Procedure of Total Pancreatectomy
- Islet Isolation and Reintroduction
- ۸۴٫ Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Embryologic Origin of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Classification of Pnets—Functional and Nonfunctional, Sporadic and Hereditary
- Grading and Staging
- Inherited Syndromes
- Nesidioblastosis
- Insulinoma
- Gastrinoma
- Rare Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Locally Advanced/Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Conclusion
- ۸۵٫ Infant and Toddler Nutrition
- Introduction
- Growth
- Breastfeeding
- Formula Feeding
- Complementary Feeding
- Supplements
- Toddlers
- Descriptive Information
- Nutrient Information
- Specific Nutrient Deficits
- Eating the Right Amount of the Right Foods
- Toddlers’ Nutrition and Stooling
- Conclusion
- Section 10. Nutrition
- ۸۶٫ Nutritional Assessment
- Normal Growth and Body Composition in Children
- Prevalence and Classification of Malnutrition in Pediatric Patients
- Indications for Nutrition Assessment
- Management of Severe Malnutrition
- Summary
- ۸۷٫ Tubes for Enteric Access
- Tubes to Remove Contents (Suction Tubes)
- Tubes to add Content (Feeding Tubes)
- Evaluation
- Considerations for Short-Term Access
- Considerations for Long-Term Access
- Gastroesophageal Reflux and Feeding Tubes
- Summary
- ۸۸٫ Parenteral Nutrition
- Indications
- Route of Administration
- Parenteral Nutrition Components and Requirements
- Shortages
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Total Nutrient Admixtures
- Cyclic Parenteral Nutrition
- Home Parenteral Nutrition
- Monitoring The Home Parenteral Nutrition Patient
- Summary
- ۸۹٫ Enteral Nutrition
- Background
- Metabolic Implications of Enteral Versus Parenteral Route
- Steps Preceding Initiation of Enteral Feeding
- An Approach to Selecting the Type of Enteral Feeding
- FAT
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Vitamins and Minerals
- Administration of Formula Feedings
- Initiation of Feeds
- Home Tube Feeding
- Families of Children With Special Behavioral Issues
- Discontinuing Enteral Feedings
- Summary
- ۹۰٫ Management of Diarrhea
- Management of Acute Diarrhea
- Pharmacologic Treatments
- Management of Chronic Diarrhea
- Conclusion
- ۹۱٫ Effects of Digestive Diseases on Bone Metabolism
- Introduction
- Accretion of Bone Mass and Maintenance of Bone Mass
- Bone Structure
- Peak Bone Mass
- Measurement of Bone Mass in Children
- Definition of Osteoporosis in Children
- Common Mechanisms by Which Digestive Diseases Affect Bone Mass
- Selected Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Associated with Decreased Bone Mass
- Treatment
- ۹۲٫ Nutrition and Feeding for Children With Developmental Disabilities
- Cerebral Palsy
- Growth Failure and Malnutrition
- Causes of Malnutrition
- Laboratory Evaluation
- Nutritional Goals
- Obesity
- Oral Feeding Evaluation
- Conclusion
- ۹۳٫ Fecal Transplant
- Introduction
- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for rCDI
- Investigational Uses of Fecal Microbiota
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- Index
نقد و بررسیها
هنوز بررسیای ثبت نشده است.