Name: 2023 کتاب Krause and Mahan’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process
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۲۰۲۳ کتاب Krause and Mahan’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process

Publisher ‏ : ‎ Elsevier; 16th edition (October 11, 2022)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Hardcover ‏ : ‎ ۱۲۸۰ pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ ۰۳۲۳۸۱۰۲۵X
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ ۹۷۸۰۳۲۳۸۱۰۲۵۸

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Audience
Organization
New to this Edition
Pedagogy
Ancillaries
Instructor Resources
STUDENT RESOURCES
Acknowledgments
Part I. Nutrition Assessment
۱٫ Intake: Gastrointestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Excretion of Nutrients*
Key Terms
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Brief Overview of Digestive and Absorptive Processes
The Small Intestine: Primary Site of Nutrient Absorption
The Large Intestine
Summary
Useful Websites
References
۲٫ Intake: Energy
Key Terms
Energy Requirements
Components of Energy Expenditure
Estimating Energy Requirements
Physical Activity in Children
Calculating Food Energy
Useful Websites/Apps
References
۳٫ Clinical: Water, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Balance
Key terms
Body Water
Electrolytes
Acid–Base Balance
Acid Generation
Acid–Base Disorders
References
۴٫ Intake: Assessment of Food- and Nutrition-Related History
Key Terms
Nutritional Status
Nutrition Screening
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition-Related History
Food and Nutrient Intake
Food and Nutrient Administration
Nutrition Knowledge, Beliefs, and Attitudes
Nutrition Behaviors
Medication and Complementary or Alternative Medicines
Nutrition Access
Physical Activity and Physical Function
Nutrition Quality of Life
References
۵٫ Clinical: Biochemical, Physical, and Functional Assessment
Key Terms
Biochemical Assessment of Nutrition Status
Nutrition Interpretation of Routine Medical Laboratory Tests
Assessment of Hydration Status
Assessment for Nutritional Anemias
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins and Trace Minerals
Chronic Disease Risk Assessment
Physical Assessments
Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination
Useful Websites
References
۶٫ Clinical: Nutritional Genomics
Key Terms
Genetic and Genomic Fundamentals
Modes of Inheritance
Genetic Variation, Inheritance, and Disease
Nutritional Genomics and Chronic Disease
Summary
Useful Websites
References
۷٫ Inflammation and the Pathophysiology of Chronic Disease
Key Terms
Epidemic of Chronic Disease
Concepts of Chronic Disease Pathophysiology
Inflammation: Common Denominator of Chronic Disease
Nutrient Modulators of Inflammation
Reducing Inflammation in the Body
Summary
Useful Websites
References
۸٫ Behavioral-Environmental: The Individual in the Community
Key Terms
Social Determinants of Health
Nutrition Practice in the Community
Needs Assessment for Community-Based Nutrition Services
National Nutrition Surveys
National Nutrition Guidelines and Goals
Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs
Foodborne Illness
Food and Water Safety
Disaster Planning
Healthy Food and Water Systems and Sustainability
Summary: A Work in Progress
Useful Websites
References
PART II. Nutrition Diagnosis and Intervention
۹٫ Overview of Nutrition Diagnosis and Intervention
Key Terms
The Nutrition Care Process
Documentation in the Nutrition Care Record
Influences on Nutrition and Health Care
Nutrition Interventions
Nutrition for the Terminally Ill or Hospice Client
Useful Websites
References
۱۰٫ Food-Nutrient Delivery: Planning the Diet With Cultural Competency
Key Terms
Determining Nutrient Needs
Worldwide Guidelines
Nutritional Status of Americans
National Guidelines for Diet Planning
Food and Nutrient Labeling
Dietary Patterns and Counseling Tips
Cultural Aspects of Dietary Planning
Useful Websites
References
۱۱٫ Food and Nutrient Delivery: Complementary and Integrative Medicine and Dietary Supplements
Key Terms
Complementary and Integrative Medicine
Use of Complementary and Integrative Therapies
Dietary Supplementation
Dietary Supplement Regulation
Assessment of Dietary Supplement Use in Patients
Useful Websites
References
۱۲٫ Food and Nutrient Delivery: Nutrition Support Methods
Key Terms
Rationale and Criteria for Appropriate Nutrition Support
Enteral Nutrition
Enteral Nutrition Access
Parenteral Nutrition
Complications
Refeeding Syndrome
Transitional Feeding
Nutrition Support in Long-Term and Home Care
Useful Websites
References
۱۳٫ Education and Counseling: Behavioral Change
Key Terms
Behavior Change
Models for Behavior Change
Models For Counseling Strategies
Models for Educational Program Development
Skills and Attributes of the Nutrition Educator or Counselor
Assessment Results: Choosing Focus Areas
Counseling Approaches After the Assessment
Evaluation of Effectiveness
Summary
Useful Websites
References
Part III. Nutrition in the Life Cycle
۱۴٫ Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation
Key Terms
Preconception and Fertility
Conception
Pregnancy
Postpartum Period = Preconceptual Period
Lactation
Useful Websites
References
۱۵٫ Nutrition in Infancy
Key Terms
Physiologic Development
Nutrient Requirements
Milk
Food
Feeding
Useful Websites
References
۱۶٫ Nutrition in Childhood
Key Terms
Growth and Development
Nutrient Requirements
Providing an Adequate Diet
Nutritional Concerns
Preventing Chronic Disease
Useful Websites
References
۱۷٫ Nutrition in Adolescence
Key Terms
Growth and Development
Nutrient Requirements
Food Habits and Eating Behaviors
Nutrition Screening, Assessment, and Counseling
Special Topics
Useful Websites
References
۱۸٫ Nutrition for Transgender People
Key Terms
Aspects of Transitioning
Health Disparities
Challenges to Providing Optimal Gender-Affirming Nutrition Care
Common Nutrition-Related Considerations
Nutritionally Relevant Effects of Gender-Affirming Interventions
Approaches to Nutrition Care
Additional Resources
References
۱۹٫ Nutrition in the Adult Years
Key Terms
Setting the Stage: Nutrition in the Adult Years
Setting the Stage: Messages
Information Sources
Lifestyle and Health Risk Factors
Health Disparities and Global Health
Nutritional Factors Affecting Adults
Interventions, Nutrition, and Prevention
Food Trends and Patterns
Nutritional Supplementation
Functional Foods
Adult Health Next Steps
Useful Websites
References
۲۰٫ Nutrition in Aging
Key Terms
The Older Population
Gerontology, Geriatrics, and the Spectrum of Aging
Nutrition in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Theories on Aging
Physiologic Changes
Quality of Life
Nutrition Screening and Assessment
Nutrition Needs
Medicare Benefits
Nutrition Support Services
Community and Residential Facilities for Older Adults
Useful Websites
References
Part IV. Nutrition for a Healthy Lifestyle
۲۱٫ Nutrition in Weight Management
Key Terms
Weight Management and Obesity: Its Foundation in Nutritional Medicine
Body Weight Components
Regulation of Body Weight
Overweight and Obesity
Elements of Energy Balance Dysregulation
Management of Obesity in Adults
Weight Management in Children and Adolescents
Excessive Leanness or Unintentional Weight Loss
Useful Websites
References
۲۲٫ Nutrition in Eating Disorders
Key Terms
Clinical Characteristics and Medical Complications
Treatment Approach
Psychologic Management
Nutrition Management
Medical Nutrition Therapy and Counseling
Summary
Useful Websites
References
۲۳٫ Nutrition in Exercise and Sports Performance
Key Terms
Bioenergetics of Physical Activity
Fuels for Contracting Muscles
An Integrative Approach to Working with Athletes
Nutritional Requirements of Exercise
Weight Management
Weight Management and Aesthetics
Macronutrients
Carbohydrate
Protein
Female Athlete Triad
Fluid
Vitamins and Minerals
Minerals
Ergogenic Aids
Popular Ergogenic Aids
Performance Enhancement Substances and Drugs: Doping in Sport
Useful Websites
References
۲۴٫ Nutrition and Bone Health
Key Terms
Introduction
Bone Structure and Bone Physiology
Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
Nutrition and Bone
Treatment of Osteoporosis
References
۲۵٫ Nutrition for Oral and Dental Health
Key Terms
Nutrition for Tooth Development
Dental Caries
Early Childhood Caries
Caries Prevention
Tooth Loss and Dentures
Other Oral Disorders
Periodontal Disease
Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Useful Websites
References
Part V. Medical Nutrition Therapy
۲۶٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Adverse Reactions to Food: Allergies and Intolerances
Key Terms
Definitions
Prevalence:
Etiology
Pathophysiology of Food Allergy
Immune System Basics
Food-Dependent, Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis
Food Intolerances
Medical Nutrition Therapy
Diagnosis
Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Prevention of Food Allergies
Useful Websites
References
۲۷٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
Key Terms
The Esophagus
The Stomach
Gastroparesis
Useful Websites
References
۲۸٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
Key Terms
Common Intestinal Problems
Diseases of the Small Intestine
Intestinal Brush-Border Enzyme Deficiencies
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Nutritional Consequences of Intestinal Surgery
Useful Websites
References
۲۹٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disorders
Key Terms
Physiology and Functions of the Liver
Diseases of the Liver
Complications of End-Stage Liver Disease: Cause and Nutrition Treatment
Nutrition Issues Related to End-Stage Liver Disease
Nutrient Requirements for Cirrhosis
Herbal and Dietary Supplements and Liver Disease
Liver Resection and Transplantation
Physiology and Functions of the Gallbladder
Diseases of the Gallbladder
Complementary and Integrative Medicine for Gallstones
Physiology and Functions of the Exocrine Pancreas
Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas
Complementary and Integrative Medicine for Pancreatic Disorders
Pancreatic Surgery
Useful Websites
References
۳۰٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin
Key Terms
Incidence and Prevalence
Categories of Glucose Intolerance
Screening and Diagnostic Criteria
Management of Prediabetes
Management of Diabetes
Implementing the Nutrition Care Process
Acute Complications
Long-Term Complications
Hypoglycemia of Nondiabetic Origin
Useful Websites
References
۳۱٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Thyroid, Adrenal, and Other Endocrine Disorders
Key Terms
Thyroid Physiology
Assessment in Thyroid Disorders
Hypothyroidism
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Hyperthyroidism
Managing Imbalances of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
Adrenal Disorders
Useful Websites
References
۳۲٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Anemia
Key Terms
Iron-Related Blood Disorders
Iron Overload
Megaloblastic Anemias
Other Nutritional Anemias
Nonnutritional Anemias
Useful Websites
References
۳۳٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease
Key Terms
Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease
Genetic Hyperlipidemias
Hypertension
Heart Failure
COVID-19
Cardiac Transplantation
Useful Websites
References
۳۴٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Pulmonary Disease
Key Terms
The Pulmonary System
Chronic Pulmonary Disease
Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Pulmonary Hypertension
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
Tuberculosis
Lung Cancer
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
Pleural Effusion
Chylothorax
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Pneumonia
Lung Transplantation
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Useful Websites
References
۳۵٫ Medical Therapy for Renal Disorders
Key Terms
Physiology and Function of the Kidneys
Renal Diseases
Education, Adherence, and Compliance
Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure)
Chronic Kidney Disease
End-Stage Renal Disease
References
۳۶٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Survivorship
Key Terms
Pathophysiology
Nutrition and Carcinogenesis
Chemoprevention
Medical Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer
Medical Treatment
Medical Nutrition Therapy
Integrative, Complementary, and Functional Oncology
Nutritional Impact of Cancer Treatments
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Pediatric Cancer
Nutrition Recommendations for Cancer Survivors
Useful Websites
References
۳۷٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Infectious Diseases
Key Terms
Introduction
Definitions
The Immune System and Response to Infection
Synergy of Malnutrition and Infection
Effects of Nutrition on the Immune System and Infection
Micronutrient Deficiencies, Immunity, and Infection
Impact of Infectious Disease on Nutrition and the Immune System
The Major Infectious Diseases and Their Impacts
Summary
Clinical Case Study
References
۳۸٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for HIV and AIDS
Key Terms
The Changing Face of HIV in the United States
Epidemiology and Trends
Pathophysiology and Classification
Medical Management
Medical Nutrition Therapy
HIV in Women
HIV in Children
Integrative and Functional Nutrition
Useful Websites
References
۳۹٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy in Critical Care
Key Terms
Metabolic Response to Stress
Hormonal and Cell-Mediated Response
Starvation Versus Stress
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Sepsis, and Organ Dysfunction or Failure
Malnutrition: The Etiology-Based Definition
Trauma and the Open Abdomen
Major Burns
Surgery
Useful Websites
References
۴۰٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease
Key Terms
Etiology
Pathophysiology and Inflammation
Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Antiinflammatory Diet
Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches
Microbiota and Arthritis
COVID-19 and Rheumatic Disease
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Sjögren Syndrome
Temporomandibular Disorders
Gout
Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis or SSc)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Spondyloarthritides
Useful Websites
References
۴۱٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Neurologic Disorders
Key Terms
The Nervous System
Dysphagia
Neurologic Diseases of Nutritional Origin
Neurologic Disorders from Trauma
Head Trauma or Neurotrauma
Spine Trauma and Spinal Cord Injury
Neurologic Diseases
Useful Websites
References
۴۲٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Psychiatric and Cognitive Disorders
Key Terms
The Enteric Nervous System
Blood Glucose Regulation
The Role of Nutrients in Mental Function
Addiction and Substance Abuse
Anxiety
Bipolar Disorder
Dementia and Alzheimer Disease
Depression
Fatigue, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Schizophrenia
Useful Websites
References
Part VI. Pediatric Specialties
۴۳٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Low-Birth Weight Infants
Key Terms
Infant Mortality and Statistics
Physiologic Development
Nutrition Requirements: Parenteral Feeding
Transition from Parenteral to Enteral Feeding
Nutrition Requirements: Enteral Feeding
Feeding Methods
Selection of Enteral Feeding
Nutrition Assessment and Growth
Discharge Care
Neurodevelopmental Outcome
Useful Websites
References
۴۴٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Genetic Metabolic Disorders
Key Terms
Newborn Screening
Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism
Phenylketonuria
Disorders of Organic Acid Metabolism
Disorders of Urea Cycle Metabolism
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation
Role of the Nutritionist in Genetic Metabolic Disorders
Useful Websites
References
۴۵٫ Medical Nutrition Therapy for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Key Terms
Medical Nutrition Therapy
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Neurologic Disorders
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Community Resources
Useful Websites
References
APPENDIX 1. Milliequivalents and Milligrams of Electrolytes
APPENDIX 2. Equivalents, Conversions, and Portion (Scoop) Sizes
Liquid Measure—Volume Equivalents
Dry Measure
Scoop Sizes
Appendix 3. Growth Charts
Prenatal Weight Category Table for Pregnancy Based on BMI (inches and pounds)
Prenatal Weight Category Table for Pregnancy Based on BMI (centimeters and kilograms)
APPENDIX 4. Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Girls and Boys
Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Girls
Tanner Stages of Adolescent Development for Boys
Appendix 5. Direct Methods for Measuring Height and Weight and Indirect Methods for Measuring Height
Direct Methods for Measuring Height and Weight
Indirect Methods for Measuring Height
References
Appendix 6. Determination of Frame Size
Appendix. Adjustment of Desirable Body Weight for Amputees
Appendix 8. Body Mass Index Table
Appendix 9. Percentage of Body Fat Based on Four Skinfold Measurements
Appendix 10. Physical Activity and Calories Expended Per Hour
Appendix 11. Nutrition-Focused Physical Assessment
Pediatric Malnutrition
References
Appendix 12. Laboratory Values for Nutritional Assessment and Monitoring
Principles of nutritional laboratory testing Principles of nutritional laboratory testing
Appendix 13. Nutritional Implications of Selected Drugs
References
Appendix 14. Nutritional Facts on Fluid and Hydration
Appendix 15. Enteral (Tube Feeding) Formulas for Adults Marketed in the United States
Appendix 16. Sample Stepwise Method to Calculate a Parenteral Nutrition Formula
Parenteral Nutrition Formula
Appendix 17. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet
Appendix 18. Exchange Lists and Carbohydrate Counting for Meal Planning
How the Exchange List Works with Meal Planning
Carbohydrates
Fruit
Milk
Sweets, Desserts, and Other Carbohydrates
Nonstarchy Vegetables
Meat And Meat Substitutes
Fats
Free Foods
Combination Foods
Fast Food
Alcohol
Estimated Exchange Recommendations Based on Calorie Level
References
Appendix 19. The Ketogenic Diet
Suggested Organizations for Additional Information
Appendix 20. The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative
Introduction and Background
Development
Framework
Websites Recommended for Additional Research
Appendix 21. Renal Diet for Dialysis
Protein
Albumin
Protein Servings for You
One Serving of Protein
Common Serving Sizes
Estimating Serving Sizes
Tips for Eating More Protein
Nutritional Supplements
Malnutrition
Exercise
Potassium for People on Hemodialysis
People on Hemodialysis
Soaking Vegetables and Beans
Other High-Potassium Foods
Shaking the Salt Habit
Most People on Dialysis May Have
Rinsing Canned Foods to Lower Sodium (Canned Vegetables, Chunk or Flaked Fish or Shellfish, Poultry, or Meats)
Phosphorus
Appendix 22. The Antiinflammatory Diet
Dietary Approaches to Reduce Inflammation
Consume an Abundance of Fruits, Vegetables, Herbs, and Spices
Encourage a Low Glycemic Diet Pattern
Include Nuts and Seeds or Nut and Seed Butter Every Day
Adjust the Quality and Quantity of Dietary Fat and Oils
Support a Healthy Microbiome
Eliminate Foods that Cause Symptoms of Allergy and Intolerance
Avoid Chemicals
Drink Alcohol in Moderation
Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting
Reduce Stress and Improve Sleep
Example of an Anti inflammatory 1-Day Diet Based on the Dash, Mind, and Mediterranean Meal Patterns
Appendix 23. The Mediterranean Diet
Significance
Examples of a 1-Day Meal Plan Based on the Mediterranean Diet
Information for Further Reading
Appendix 24. Nutritional Facts on Alcoholic Beverages
Alcohol and Calorie Content in Selected Alcoholic Beverages
Appendix 25. Nutritional Facts on Caffeine-Containing Products
Appendix 26. Nutritional Facts on Essential (Omega) Fatty Acids
Ω-۳ Fatty Acids
Ω-۶ Fatty Acids
Dietary Sources
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Appendix 27. Nutritional Facts on a High-Fiber Diet
Guidelines for High-Fiber Diet
Each of These Foods in this Amount Contains 2 G of Dietary Fiber
Appendix 28. Low FODMAP Diet
Appendix 29. Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Selected Foods*
Appendix 30. Nutritional Facts on a High-Protein Diet
Best Food Sources of Protein
Protein Supplements
Appendix 31. Nutritional Facts on Vegetarian Eating
Nutrients to Consider When Planning a Vegetarian Menu
Special Notes
Appendix 32. Nutritional Facts on Folic Acid, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12
Folate
VITAMIN B6
Vitamin B12
References
Appendix 33. Nutritional Facts on Choline
Groups with Increased Choline Needs
Excessive Choline Intake
References
Appendix 34. Nutritional Facts on Biotin
References
Appendix 35. Nutritional Facts on Vitamin A and Carotenoids
Food Sources of Vitamin A
References
Appendix 36. Nutritional Facts on Vitamin C
References
Appendix 37. Nutritional Facts on Vitamin E
References
Appendix 38. Nutritional Facts on Vitamin K
References
Appendix 39. Nutritional Facts on Vitamin D
Vitamin D Synthesized From Sunlight Exposure
Vitamin D in Foods
Vitamin D in Supplements
References
Appendix 40. Nutritional Facts on Calcium
Calcium in Foods
Calcium Supplements
Calcium in Medications
References
Appendix 41. Nutritional Facts on Chromium
References
Appendix 42. Nutritional Facts on Iodine
Deficiency
Goitrogens
References
Appendix 43. Nutritional Facts on Iron
Tips for Increasing Iron Intake
What about too much iron?
References
Appendix 44. Nutritional Facts on Magnesium
Dietary Sources
References
Appendix 45. Nutritional Facts on Potassium
References
Appendix 46. Nutritional Facts on Selenium
References
Appendix 47. Sodium in Food
Special Considerations
Guidelines for Sodium Restriction
References
Appendix 48. Nutritional Facts on Zinc
References
Index
Appendix
Evolve Student Resources