۲۰۲۱ کتاب ASE’s Comprehensive Echocardiography
Product details
- Publisher : Elsevier; 3rd edition (April 29, 2021)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : ۱۰۲۴ pages
- ISBN-10 : ۰۳۲۳۶۹۸۳۰۱
- ISBN-13 : ۹۷۸۰۳۲۳۶۹۸۳۰۶
Contents
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Section I. Physics and Instrumentation
- ۱٫ General Principles of Echocardiography
- Ultrasound
- Transducer
- Instrument
- Artifacts
- Virtual Beamforming
- ۲٫ Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
- Comparison Between Two- and Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Ultrasound Transducers
- ۳٫ Doppler Principles
- Doppler Effect
- Color Doppler Displays
- Spectral-Doppler Displays
- Aliasing
- Virtual-Beamforming
- ۴٫ Tissue Doppler, Myocardial Work: Physics and Techniques
- Tissue Doppler Imaging
- Global Longitudinal Strain
- Myocardial Work
- Future Directions
- ۵٫ Speckle-Tracking and Strain Measurements: Principles, Techniques, and Limitations
- General Concepts
- A Glance at the History: Tissue Doppler–Derived Strain
- From the Present to the Future: Two- And Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography
- ۶٫ Clinical Utility of Global Longitudinal Strain
- Evaluation of Left Ventricular Systolic Function
- Evaluation of the Right Ventricle
- Evaluation of left Atrial Function
- Section II. Transthoracic Echocardiography
- ۷٫ Transthoracic Echocardiography: Nomenclature and Standard Views
- Imaging Planes
- Image Acquisition Windows
- Scanning Maneuvers: Transducer Movement Descriptions
- Transducer Orientation
- Standard Views: Two-Dimensional Imaging
- ۸٫ Technical Quality and Tips
- Optimizing Two-Dimensional Images
- Avoiding Apical Foreshortening
- Optimizing Spectral Doppler Traces
- Optimizing Color Doppler Images
- Alternate Windows
- Summary
- ۹٫ Transthoracic Echocardiography Tomographic Views
- Parasternal Window
- Transthoracic Apical Window
- Subcostal Window
- Transthoracic Suprasternal Window
- Off-Axis Views
- ۱۰٫ M-Mode Echocardiography
- Left Ventricle
- Mitral Valve
- Aortic Valve
- Pulmonic Valve
- Pericardial Disease
- Cardiac Tamponade
- Constrictive Pericarditis
- ۱۱٫ Doppler Echocardiography: Normal Antegrade Flow Patterns
- Basic Concepts
- Technical Considerations For Optimal Doppler Recordings
- Individual Flow Profiles
- Emerging Applications Of Doppler: Intracardiac Flow Analysis
- Section III. Transesophageal Echocardiography
- ۱۲٫ Introduction to Transesophageal Echocardiography: Indications, Risks, Complications, and Protocol
- Preprocedural Assessment
- Anesthesia and Sedation
- Movements of TEE Transducer
- Transducer Insertion and Manipulation
- Sample Protocol
- ۱۳٫ Transesophageal Echocardiography Tomographic Views
- Midesophageal Five-Chamber View
- Midesophageal Four-Chamber View
- Midesophageal Mitral Commissural View
- Midesophageal Two-Chamber View
- Midesophageal Long-Axis View
- Midesophageal Aortic Valve Long-Axis View
- Midesophageal Ascending Aorta Lax View
- Midesophageal Ascending Aorta Short-Axis View
- Midesophageal Right Pulmonary Vein View
- Midesophageal Aortic Valve Short-Axis View
- Midesophageal Right Ventricle Inflow–Outflow View
- Midesophageal Modified Bicaval Tricuspid Valve View
- Midesophageal Bicaval View
- Midesophageal Right And Left Pulmonary Veins View
- Midesophageal Left Atrial Appendage View
- Transgastric Basal Short-Axis View
- Transgastric Midpapillary Short-Axis View
- Transgastric Apical Short-Axis View
- Transgastric Right Ventricular Basal View
- Transgastric Right Ventricular Inflow–Outflow View
- Deep Transgastric Five-Chamber View
- Transgastric Two-Chamber View
- Transgastric Right Ventricle Inflow View
- Transgastric Long-Axis View
- Descending Aorta Short-Axis And Descending Long-Axis Views
- Upper Esophageal Aortic Arch Long-Axis View
- Upper Esophageal Aortic Arch Short-Axis View
- ۱۴٫ Applications of Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Diagnostic Applications
- Intracardiac Thrombus And Mass Evaluation
- Patent Foramen Ovale And Septal Defects
- Endocarditis
- Aortic Disease
- Critical Care Applications Of Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Intraoperative Applications Of Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Intraprocedural And Structural Applications Of Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Conclusions
- ۱۵٫ Pitfalls and Artifacts in Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Pitfalls Of Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Transesophageal Echocardiography Artifacts
- Conclusions
- Section IV. Handheld Echocardiography
- ۱۶٫ Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound: Background, Instrumentation, and Technique
- When a Stat Echo is Not Fast Enough
- Pocus: Intents and Purposes
- Instrumentation: Form Fits Function
- Pocus: diversity in practice and outcomes
- Pocus can Affect Referral for Echocardiography
- Incidental findings: the achilles heel of pocus?
- The Value of Lung Pocus Data in Echocardiography
- Discrepancies Between Pocus and Echocardiographic Results
- Conclusion
- ۱۷٫ Focused Cardiac Ultrasound in Emergency Clinical Settings
- Chest Pain
- Hypotension
- Dyspnea
- Cardiac Arrest (Advanced Cardiac Life Support)
- Section V. Contrast Echocardiography
- ۱۸٫ Ultrasound-Enhancing Agents
- Currently Available Second-Generation Ultrasound Contrast Agents
- Ultrasound Contrast Agent Composition
- Technical Considerations to Optimize Contrast Enhancement
- Role of Health Care Professionals in Maintaining Ultrasound-Enhancing Agent Quality
- Role of Sonographer/Nurse
- Safety of Ultrasound Contrast Agents
- ۱۹٫ Physical Properties of Microbubble Ultrasound Contrast Agents
- Microbubble Contrast Agents
- Contrast-Specific Imaging Techniques
- Clinical Perspective
- ۲۰٫ Applications of Ultrasound Contrast Agents
- Clinical Applications
- Summary
- ۲۱٫ Use of Contrast in the Intensive Care Unit and Emergency Department
- Contrast Use in the Intensive Care Unit
- Contrast Use in the Emergency Department
- Summary
- ۲۲٫ Technical Aspects of Contrast Echocardiography
- Indications
- Available Types of Contrast Agents
- Step-by-Step Protocol
- Complications of Ultrasound-Enhancing Agents
- Section VI. Left Ventricular Systolic Function
- ۲۳٫ Left Ventricular Systolic Function: Basic Principles
- Functional Anatomy of the Left Ventricle
- Left Ventricular Volume and its Dynamic Geometry
- Generating Left Ventricular Ejection from Contraction of Myofibrills
- Cardiac Cycle
- Determinants of Left Ventricular Performance
- Response to Exercise
- ۲۴٫ Global Left Ventricular Systolic Function: Ejection Fraction Versus Strain
- Indications for Systolic Function Evaluation
- Limitations of Ejection Fraction
- The Role of Global Longitudinal Strain
- Choice for Assessment Tool of Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Multimodality Era
- Conclusions
- ۲۵٫ Regional Left Ventricular Systolic Function
- Assessment of Regional LV Systolic Dysfunction
- Clinical Applications
- ۲۶٫ Myocardial Strain in Valvular Heart Disease
- Strain As An Additive To Ejection Fraction In Valvular Heart Disease
- Strain In Mitral Regurgitation
- Strain In Aortic Stenosis
- Strain In Aortic Regurgitation
- Section VII. Right Heart
- ۲۷٫ Right Ventricular Anatomy
- Coronary Flow To The Right Ventricle
- Echocardiographic Assessment Of Right Ventricular Anatomy
- Reference Values For Right Ventricular Structure
- ۲۸٫ The Physiologic Basis of Right Ventricular Echocardiography
- Structure And Anatomy Of The Right Ventricle
- Right Ventricular Hemodynamics
- Quantitative Assessment Of Right Ventricular Function
- Coronary Blood Flow Of The Right Ventricle
- Interventricular Dependence
- Right Ventricular Diastolic Function
- Rhythm Disturbances Originating From The Right Ventricle
- Conclusion
- ۲۹٫ Imaging the Right Heart: Limitations and Technical Considerations
- Core Limitations Of Imaging
- Challenges In Evaluating Rv Size And Structure
- Pitfalls In Assessment Of Rv Function
- Overcoming Technical Challenges Of Two-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography With Advanced Imaging
- Right Atrium
- ۳۰٫ Assessment of Right Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function
- Anatomy And Physiology
- Quantitative Evaluation By Echocardiography
- Right Ventricular Diastolic Function
- Clinical Impact Of Right Ventricular Size And Function: Prognosis
- Summary And Recommendations
- ۳۱٫ Right Ventricular Hemodynamics
- Flow
- Pressure
- Resistance
- Right Heart Hemodynamic Measures
- Secondary Indices Of Right Atrial Pressure
- Summary
- ۳۲٫ The Right Atrium
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Echocardiographic Views
- Anatomic Variants
- Right Atrial Size And Function
- Clinical Implications Of Right Atrial Enlargement And Dysfunction
- Right Atrium Pressure And Performance
- Conclusions
- ۳۳٫ Pulmonary Embolism
- Diagnosis
- Transthoracic Echocardiography
- Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Prognosis
- Summary
- Section VIII. Diastolic Function
- ۳۴٫ Physiology of Diastole
- Left Ventricular Relaxation
- Left Ventricular Stiffness
- Ventricular–Arterial Coupling
- Diagnosis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
- ۳۵٫ Echo Doppler Parameters of Diastolic Function
- Doppler Mitral Flow Velocity Patterns
- Valsalva Maneuver
- Pulmonary Venous Flow
- Color M-Mode Flow Propagation Velocity
- Tissue Doppler Annular Velocity
- Myocardial Performance Index
- Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressures
- Integration of Doppler Echocardiography Parameters
- Conclusion
- ۳۶٫ Clinical Recommendations for Echocardiography Laboratories for Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and Filling Pressures
- Estimation of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure and Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Grading
- Stress Testing for Assessment of Diastolic Function
- Estimation of Left Ventricular Filling Pressures in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
- Estimation of Left Ventricular Filling Pressures in Patients with Mitral Regurgitation
- Prognostic Power of American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Diastolic Function Grade
- ۳۷٫ Causes of Diastolic Dysfunction
- Definitions
- Diastolic Heart Failure Versus Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
- Comorbidities Associated with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
- Diastolic Dysfunction in Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
- Physiologic Changes Associated with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
- Phenotyping Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
- Impact on Survival
- Section IX. Left Atrium
- ۳۸٫ Assessment of Left Atrial Size
- Prognostic Value of Left Atrial Size
- Conclusions
- ۳۹٫ Assessment of Left Atrial Function
- Left Atrial Function
- Volumetric Methods
- Spectral Doppler
- Tissue Doppler Imaging
- Deformation Analysis (Strain and Strain Rate Imaging)
- Challenges to Measurement of Left Atrial Function
- Section X. Ischemic Heart Disease
- ۴۰٫ Ischemic Heart Disease: Which Test to Use?
- Patient Selection for Noninvasive Testing
- Selecting the Optimal Noninvasive Test for Ischemic Heart Disease Diagnosis: A Proposed Approach
- General Approach: Functional Testing Strategies
- Diagnostic Accuracy of Functional Testing Strategies
- General Approach: Anatomical Strategies Using Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
- Diagnostic Accuracy of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
- Integrating Functional and Anatomical Strategies
- Summary
- ۴۱٫ Ischemic Heart Disease: Basic Principles
- Acute Effects Of Myocardial Ischemia
- Echocardiographic Detection Of Myocardial Ischemia And Infarction
- Myocardial Deformation During Cardiac Ischemia
- Patterns Of Ischemia Based On Coronary Artery Involvement
- False Indications Of Ischemia On Echocardiography
- ۴۲٫ Acute Chest Pain Syndromes: Differential Diagnosis
- Left Ventricle
- ۴۳٫ Echocardiography in Acute Myocardial Infarction
- Left Ventricular Thrombosis
- Postinfarction Ventricular Septal Rupture
- Left Ventricular Free-Wall Rupture
- Acute Mitral Regurgitation And Papillary Muscle Rupture
- Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
- Right Ventricular Infarction
- ۴۴٫ Echocardiography in Stable Coronary Artery Disease
- Diagnosis
- Prognosis
- Stress Echocardiography
- Image Interpretation
- Prognostic Value Of Stress Echocardiography
- Speckle Tracking With Stress Echocardiography
- Conclusion
- ۴۵٫ Old Myocardial Infarction
- Timing of Imaging
- Risk Factors for Chronic Remodeling
- Chronic Remodeling
- Viability
- Summary
- ۴۶٫ End-Stage Cardiomyopathy Due to Coronary Artery Disease
- Determining The Cause of Ventricular Dysfunction
- Characterization of Left Ventricular Size and Function
- Right Ventricle
- Left Ventricular Aneurysm
- Functional Mitral Regurgitation
- ۴۷٫ Coronary Artery Anomalies
- Classification of Coronary Artery Anomalies
- Multimodality Imaging for Identification of Congenital Coronary Artery Anomalies
- Imaging Protocol for Transthoracic Echocardiography
- Incidence of Coronary Anomalies Diagnosed by Echocardiography
- Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Conclusions
- ۴۸٫ Coronary Artery Imaging
- Instructions For Cfv Recording
- Diagnostic Value Of Coronary Flow Velocity At Rest
- Clinical Utility Of Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve
- Conclusions
- Section XI. Stress Echocardiography
- ۴۹٫ Effects of Exercise, Pharmacologic Stress, and Pacing on the Cardiovascular System
- Hemodynamic Effects
- Mechanisms Of Ischemia
- Left Ventricular Response To Stress
- Comparisons Of Stressors
- Hypertensive Response To Stress
- Stress Echocardiography For Noncoronary Indications
- Conclusions
- ۵۰٫ Diagnostic Criteria and Accuracy
- The Main Sign Of Ischemia: Regional Wall Motion Abnormalities
- Stress Echocardiography In Four Equations
- Diagnostic Results And Accuracy
- False-Negative Results
- False-Positive Results
- Beyond Regional Wall Motion: The Abcde Protocol Of Stress Echocardiography
- Toward Quantitative Stress Echocardiography
- Conclusions
- ۵۱٫ Stress Echocardiography: Methodology
- General Test Protocol
- Specific Test Protocols
- Exercise
- Dobutamine
- Dipyridamole
- Adenosine
- Pacing
- The Role of Contrast
- ۵۲٫ Stress Echocardiography: Image Acquisition
- ۵۳٫ Stress Echocardiography: Prognosis
- Evaluation for Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
- Prognostic Implications of the Diastolic Stress Test
- Stress Echocardiography In Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Stress Echocardiography to Guide Risk Evaluation Before Major Noncardiac Surgery
- Prognostic Role of Stress Echocardiography In Valvular Heart Disease
- ۵۴٫ Echocardiography for the Assessment of Myocardial Viability in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
- Introduction and General Concepts
- Assessment of Myocardial Viability by Echocardiography
- Comparison of Methods Used for Viability Testing
- Clinical Implications
- ۵۵٫ Ultrasound-Enhanced Stress Echocardiography
- Ultrasound-Enhancing Agents for Stress Echocardiography
- Optimizing Ultrasound Enhancement During Stress Echocardiography
- Physiologic Basis for Examining Myocardial Perfusion with UEAs
- Technical Considerations and Components
- Role of the Physician
- Role of the Imaging Team
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Real-Time Perfusion Echocardiography Versus Other Imaging Techniques
- Acquisition of Real-Time Perfusion Echocardiography Images
- Specific Stress Protocols
- Dobutamine Stress Real-Time Perfusion and Left Ventricular Opacification Protocols
- Vasodilator Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
- Pitfalls and Clinical Tips for all Real-Time Perfusion Echocardiography Stress Acquisitions and Interpretations
- Future Directions
- ۵۶٫ Stress Echocardiography for Valve Disease: Aortic Regurgitation and Mitral Stenosis
- Stress Echocardiography Protocol
- Aortic Regurgitation
- Prognostic Value of Stress Echocardiography in Aortic Regurgitation
- Mitral Stenosis
- Prognostic Value of Changes in Transmitral Pressure Gradient and Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure
- Impact on Clinical Decision Making
- ۵۷٫ Stress Echocardiography: Comparison With Other Techniques
- Aims of Noninvasive Coronary Imaging
- Anatomy Versus Physiology
- Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring
- Computed Tomography Coronary Angiographyβ
- Computed Fractional Flow Reserve Derived from Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Coronary Angiography
- Exercise Electrocardiography Stress Testing
- Stress Echocardiography
- Radionuclide Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
- Computed Tomography Perfusion
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Perfusion
- Conclusions
- Section XII. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies
- ۵۸٫ Pathophysiology and Variants of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Anatomic Variants
- Pathophysiology
- Physiologic Variants
- End-Stage Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- ۵۹٫ Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology, Functional Features, and Treatment of Outflow Tract Obstruction
- Pathophysiology Of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
- Mechanisms of Mitral Regurgitation
- Functional Features of Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Echocardiographic and Doppler Assessment of Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Treatment Strategies for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- ۶۰٫ Differential of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Versus Secondary Conditions That Mimic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Hypertensive Heart Disease
- Athletes’ Hearts
- Infiltrative Disorders of the Myocardium
- Isolated Left Ventricular Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy
- Storage Diseases
- Syndromic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- ۶۱٫ Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Assessment of Therapy
- Pharmacotherapy
- Surgical Myectomy
- Alcohol Septal Ablation
- ۶۲٫ Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Screening of Relatives
- Epidemiology of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Genetics of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Clinical Screening in Children and Adolescents
- Clinical and Echocardiographic Screening in Adults
- Findings in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Gene Carriers
- ۶۳٫ Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Morphology and Echocardiographic Features
- Subtypes
- Apical Aneurysms
- Summary
- ۶۴٫ The Role of Echocardiography in the Screening and Evaluation of Athletes
- Exercise-Associated Cardiac Remodeling: the Left Ventricle
- Exercise-Associated Cardiac Remodeling: Beyond the Left Ventricle
- Detraining
- Sudden Cardiac Death and Screening Strategies
- Conclusions
- ۶۵٫ Echocardiographic Assessment of Myocarditis
- Cause of Myocarditis
- Transthoracic Echocardiography
- Electrocardiogram and Biomarkers
- Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Role of Endomyocardial Biopsy
- Conclusion
- Section XIII. Dilated and Other Cardiomyopathies
- ۶۶٫ Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Echocardiographic Evaluation
- Cause
- Pathophysiology
- Echocardiographic Features
- Complementary Role of Alternative Modalities
- Future Directions
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- ۶۷٫ Echocardiographic Predictors of Outcome in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy
- Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Dimensions
- Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction
- Left Atrial Size
- Secondary Mitral Regurgitation
- Other Variables: Myocardial Viability, Ischemia, and Dyssynchrony
- ۶۸٫ Right Ventricle in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
- Pathophysiology of Right Ventricular Dysfunction
- Echocardiographic Methods for Evaluating Right Ventricular Size and Function
- Studies Evaluating Right Ventricular Function
- Doppler S′
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- ۶۹٫ Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Classification
- ۷۰٫ Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
- Clinical Spectrum Of Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
- Diagnosis
- Echocardiography
- Conclusion
- ۷۱٫ Hereditary and Acquired Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy
- Clinical Spectrum
- Diagnosis
- Echocardiography
- Speckle Tracking
- Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
- Endomyocardial Biopsy
- Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy With The Dilated Phenotype
- Conclusions
- ۷۲٫ Endomyocardial Fibrosis
- Cause
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology, Key Clinical Manifestations, And Disease Course
- Physical Examination
- ۷۳٫ Restriction Versus Constriction
- Cause
- Hemodynamics In Constriction And Restriction
- Echocardiographic Differentiation Of Constriction And Restriction
- ۷۴٫ Echocardiography in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
- Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
- Strain Quantification
- Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
- Other Imaging Modalities
- Emerging Concepts Regarding Left Ventricular Involvement
- Summary
- ۷۵٫ Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
- ۷۶٫ Familial Cardiomyopathies
- Friedreich Ataxia
- Dystrophin Related Cardiomyopathies
- Summary
- ۷۷٫ Echocardiography in Cor Pulmonale and Pulmonary Heart Disease
- Structural Abnormalities
- Doppler Findings
- Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
- Myocardial Strain
- Echocardiography And Prognosis
- Echocardiography To Monitor Response To Therapy
- Conclusion
- Section XIV. Aortic Stenosis
- ۷۸٫ Aortic Stenosis Morphology
- Congenital Aortic Stenosis
- Calcific (Degenerative) Aortic Stenosis
- Rheumatic Aortic Stenosis
- ۷۹٫ Quantification of Aortic Stenosis Severity
- Normal Aortic Valve
- Quantitative Diagnosis of Aortic Stenosis
- Quantitative Doppler Assessment of Severity of Aortic Stenosis
- Limitations And Pitfalls In The Echo Doppler Quantitation Of Aortic Stenosis
- Planimetry Of Aortic Valve Orifice
- Three-Dimensional Assessment Of The Aortic Valve Area
- Other Methods Of Measuring Aortic Stenosis Severity
- New Classification Scheme For Aortic Stenosis
- Serial Evaluation Of Aortic Stenosis
- Physiologic Consequences Of Aortic Stenosis
- Aortic Valve Sclerosis
- ۸۰٫ Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis
- Natural History of Severe Aortic Stenosis
- Risk of Deferring Intervention
- Features that Predict Increased Risk
- Evolving Understanding of the Risk of the Intervention
- Future Directions
- ۸۱٫ Aortic Stenosis: Risk Stratification and Timing of Surgery
- Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Function
- Unmasking Symptoms in “Asymptomatic” Patients
- Other Elements of Echocardiography-Based Risk Stratification
- Conclusion
- ۸۲٫ Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
- Usefulness of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography for Assessment of as Severity and Degree of Myocardial Impairment
- Assessing Stenosis Severity
- Assessing the Degree of LV Myocardial Impairment
- Therapeutic Management of Low-LVEF Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis
- Conclusions
- ۸۳٫ Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis With Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
- Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology of Paradoxical Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis
- Conclusion
- ۸۴٫ Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis
- Natural History of Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis
- Stress Testing
- Outcomes and Future Research
- ۸۵٫ Subaortic Stenosis
- Epidemiology
- Morphology
- Cause and Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Acknowledgments
- Section XV. Aortic Regurgitation
- ۸۶٫ Aortic Regurgitation: Etiologies and Left Ventricular Responses
- Anatomy of the Aortic Valve
- Etiology of Aortic Regurgitation
- Mechanism of Aortic Regurgitation
- Left Ventricular Remodeling
- ۸۷٫ Aortic Regurgitation: Pathophysiology
- Aortic Regurgitation Pathophysiology
- Acute Aortic Regurgitation
- Chronic Aortic Regurgitation
- ۸۸٫ Quantitation of Aortic Regurgitation
- Quantitation of Aortic Regurgitation
- Conclusions
- ۸۹٫ Risk Stratification: Timing of Surgery and Percutaneous Interventions for Aortic Regurgitation
- Medical Therapy
- Percutaneous Interventional Therapy
- Left Ventricular Assist Devices
- Surgical Therapy
- Decision Algorithms for Surgical Treatment of Aortic Regurgitation
- Severe Acute Aortic Regurgitation
- Severe Chronic Aortic Regurgitation
- Section XVI. Mitral Stenosis
- ۹۰٫ Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis
- Cause of Mitral Stenosis
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Physical Examination
- Electrocardiography
- Chest Radiography
- Transthoracic Echocardiography
- Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Therapy
- ۹۱٫ Quantification of Mitral Stenosis
- Mitral Valve Area Measurements
- Invasive Method
- Echocardiography Methods
- Mean Pressure Gradient Measurements
- Secondary Changes Caused by Mitral Stenosis
- ۹۲٫ Nonrheumatic Etiologies of Mitral Stenosis: Situations That Mimic Mitral Stenosis
- Mitral Annular Calcification
- Other Nonrheumatic Forms of Acquired Mitral Stenosis
- ۹۳٫ Role of Hemodynamic Stress Testing in Mitral Stenosis
- Indications for hemodynamic stress testing in mitral stenosis according to the most recent guidelines:
- Valvular Stress Echocardiography
- Exercise Stress Echocardiography
- Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography
- Summary
- ۹۴٫ Consequences of Mitral Stenosis
- Pulmonary Edema
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Right Heart Failure
- Atrial Arrhythmias
- Atrial Thrombus
- Low Cardiac Output
- Other Valve Involvement
- Pregnancy
- Complications From Percutaneous Mitral Valvotomy
- Valve Repair Surgery
- Summary
- Section XVII. Mitral Regurgitation
- ۹۵٫ Etiologies and Mechanisms of Mitral Valve Dysfunction
- Causes of Mitral Valve Disease
- Mitral Valve Lesions
- Mitral Valve Dysfunction
- ۹۶٫ Mitral Valve Prolapse
- Etiology
- Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse
- Diagnosis
- Risk Stratification For Surgery
- Surgical Mitral Valve Repair
- Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair
- Summary
- ۹۷٫ Secondary Mitral Regurgitation
- Mechanisms
- Echocardiographic Assessment of Secondary Mitral Regurgitation
- Prognosis
- Management of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
- ۹۸٫ Quantification of Mitral Regurgitation
- Echocardiographic Assessment of Mr
- Two-Dimensional Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Method
- Two-Dimensional Volumetric Method
- Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
- Supportive Findings
- Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Role in Mitral Regurgitation Assessment
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- ۹۹٫ Asymptomatic Severe Mitral Regurgitation
- Approach to Asymptomatic Severe Mitral Regurgitation
- Surgical Indications in Asymptomatic Patients
- Watchful Waiting Versus Early Surgery
- Global Longitudinal Strain and Severe Mitral Regurgitation
- ۱۰۰٫ Role of Exercise Stress Testing in Mitral Regurgitation
- Exercise Stress Echocardiography Protocol
- Primary Mitral Regurgitation
- Secondary (Ischemic) Mitral Regurgitation
- Other Exercise Testing in Mitral Regurgitation
- Section XVIII. Tricuspid and Pulmonic Valve Disease
- ۱۰۱٫ Tricuspid Valve Complex: Anatomy by Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
- Tricuspid Valve Anatomy
- Imaging of Tricuspid Valve With Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
- Imaging of Tricuspid Valve With Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
- ۱۰۲٫ Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural History of Tricuspid Regurgitation
- Epidemiology
- Cause and Mechanisms of Tricuspid Regurgitation
- Natural History
- ۱۰۳٫ Quantification of Tricuspid Regurgitation
- Color Jet Area
- Vena Contracta Width
- Continuous-Wave Doppler Spectral Tracing
- Pulsed-Wave Doppler Flow in the Hepatic Vein
- Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Analysis
- ۱۰۴٫ Indications for Tricuspid Valve Intervention
- Severity of Tricuspid Regurgitation
- Right Ventricular Function
- Late Development of Tricuspid Regurgitation after Mitral Valve Surgery
- ۱۰۵٫ Imaging for Surgical and Percutaneous Tricuspid Valve Procedures
- Current Guidelines: Indications for Surgical Intervention and Outcomes
- Surgical Tricuspid Valve Intervention
- Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Interventions
- Examples of Procedural Guidance for Specific Devices
- Future Perspective
- Conclusions
- ۱۰۶٫ Device Lead–Associated Tricuspid Regurgitation
- Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices and Tricuspid Regurgitation
- Natural History of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device–Induced Tricuspid Regurgitaton
- Mechanisms of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device–Induced Tricuspid Regurgitaton
- Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device–Induced Tricuspid Regurgitaton
- Future Directions
- ۱۰۷٫ Pulmonic Regurgitation: Etiology and Quantification
- Pulmonic Regurgitation Evaluation Overview
- Cause and Mechanism of Pulmonic Regurgitation
- Semiquantitative Assessment of the Severity of Pulmonic Regurgitation
- Color Doppler
- Continuous-Wave Spectral Doppler
- Pulsed-Wave Spectral Doppler
- M-Mode Echocardiography
- Impact of Pulmonic Regurgitation on Cardiac Chambers
- ۱۰۸٫ Tricuspid and Pulmonic Stenosis
- Tricuspid Stenosis
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Pulmonic Valve Stenosis
- Management
- Section XIX. Prosthetic Valves
- ۱۰۹٫ Classification of Prosthetic Valve Types and Fluid Dynamics
- Different Types of Prosthetic Valves
- Tissue Valves
- Transcatheter Bioprosthetic Valves
- Pressure Recovery
- Localized High Gradient in Bileaflet Mechanical Valves
- Prosthesis–Patient Mismatch
- Conclusion
- ۱۱۰٫ Aortic Prosthetic Valves
- Standard Transthoracic Echocardiography Assessment of Aortic Prosthetic Valve Function
- Diagnosis of Aortic Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction
- Aortic Prosthetic Valve Regurgitation
- Summary
- ۱۱۱٫ Mitral Prosthetic Valves
- Standard Tte Assessment of Mitral Prosthetic Valve Function
- Diagnosis of Mitral Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction
- Doppler Detection and Quantitation of Mitral Prosthetic Valve Regurgitation
- Optimal Use of Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Summary
- ۱۱۲٫ Mitral Valve Repair
- Pre–Cardiopulmonary Bypass Transesophageal Echocardiographicexamination
- Post–Cardiopulmonary Bypass Transesophageal Echocardiographic Examination
- Three-Dimensional Echocardiography for Mitral Valve Surgery
- ۱۱۳٫ Tricuspid and Pulmonic Prosthetic Valves
- Tricuspid Valve Prosthesis Dysfunction
- Echocardiographic Assessment of Prosthetic Tricuspid Valve Function
- Prosthetic Valve Regurgitation
- Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients with Prosthetic Tricuspid Valves
- Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
- Transcatheter Valve-In-Valve Implantation
- Prosthetic Pulmonic Valves
- Prosthetic Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation
- Section XX. Infective Endocarditis
- ۱۱۴٫ Infective Endocarditis: Role of Transthoracic Versus Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Role of echocardiography: transthoracic versus transesophageal echocardiography
- Complications of infective endocarditis
- ۱۱۵٫ Echocardiography for Prediction of Cardioembolic Risk
- Spectrum of Cardioembolism
- Echocardiographic Evaluation
- Specific Cardioembolic Clinical Situations
- Conditions That Are Low or Uncertain Risk For Cardioembolism
- Conclusion
- ۱۱۶٫ Limitations and Technical Considerations in Infective Endocarditis
- Echocardiography in Diagnosis of Native Valve Infective Endocarditis
- Echocardiography in The Diagnosis of Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis
- Echocardiography in Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis Complications or Perivalvular Extension
- ۱۱۷٫ Echocardiography and Decision Making for Surgery
- Transthoracic Echocardiography Versus Transesophageal Echocardiography In Infective Endocarditis
- Echocardiography and Surgical Decision Making In Infective Endocarditis
- Conclusion
- ۱۱۸٫ Intraoperative Echocardiography in Infective Endocarditis
- Section XXI. Pericardial Disease
- ۱۱۹٫ Normal Pericardial Anatomy
- Phylogeny and Embryology
- Basic Anatomy
- Pericardial Thickness
- Pericardial Fluid
- Intrapericardial Pressure
- Intrapericardial Versus Extrapericardial Heart Structures
- Pericardial Fat
- Pericardial Extensions
- ۱۲۰٫ Pericarditis
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Clinical Features
- Electrocardiography
- Chest Radiography
- Laboratory Studies
- Echocardiography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Computed Tomographic Imaging
- Treatment
- ۱۲۱٫ Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade
- Normal Anatomy of The Pericardium
- Pericardial Effusion
- Cardiac Tamponade
- Echocardiography-Guided Pericardiocentesis
- Summary
- ۱۲۲٫ Constrictive Pericarditis
- Demographics and Presenting Symptoms
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnostics
- Echocardiography
- Pulsed Doppler Studies
- Tissue Doppler
- Treatment
- ۱۲۳٫ Effusive Constrictive Pericarditis
- Epidemiology
- Cause
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnostic Tests
- Other Techniques
- Treatment
- ۱۲۴٫ Pericardial Cysts and Congenital Absence of the Pericardium
- Pericardial Cysts
- Absence of the Pericardium
- Section XXII. Tumors and Masses
- ۱۲۵٫ Primary Benign, Malignant, and Metastatic Tumors of the Heart
- Tumor Classification and Frequency
- Primary Benign Tumors
- Primary Malignant Tumors
- Metastatic Tumors
- Summary
- ۱۲۶٫ Left Ventricular Thrombus
- Left Ventricular Thrombus With Impaired Left Ventricular Function
- Left Ventricular Thrombus With Preserved Left Ventricular Function
- Diagnostic Tests and the Role of Echocardiography
- Prognosis and Treatment
- Summary
- ۱۲۷٫ Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus
- Pathogenesis of Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus Formation
- Transesophageal Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Left Atrial Thrombus
- Additional Diagnostic Techniques
- Cardiac Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Clinical Implications of the Diagnosis of Left Atrial Thrombus by Transesophageal Echocardiography
- ۱۲۸٫ Right Heart Thrombi
- Incidence
- Risk Factors
- Echocardiographic Imaging of Right Heart Thrombi
- Right Heart Thrombi Morphology
- Specific Echocardiography Imaging Strategies for Right Heart Thrombi
- Tissue Characterization and Contrast Perfusion
- Conventional Management Strategies
- Contemporary Management Strategies
- Conclusion
- ۱۲۹٫ Normal Anatomic Variants and Artifacts
- Crista Terminalis
- Eustachian Valve
- Chiari Network
- Thebesian Valve
- Lipomatous Hypertrophy Of The Atrial Septum
- Fat Infiltration Of The Tricuspid Annulus
- Pectinate Muscles In The Left Atrial Appendage
- Prominent Ridge of Tissue Between the Left Atrial Appendage and the Left Upper Pulmonary Vein
- Fluid in the Transverse Sinus
- Caseous Calcification Of The Mitral Annulus
- Artifacts of the Thoracic Aorta
- Section XXIII. Diseases of the Aorta
- ۱۳۰٫ Aortic Atherosclerosis and Embolic Events
- Transesophageal Echocardiography And Aortic Plaque
- Other Imaging Modalities
- Clot Embolization Versus Cholesterol Embolization
- High-Risk Plaque
- Aortic Plaque and Embolic Events in Heart Surgery and Invasive Intravascular Procedures
- Management Options
- ۱۳۱٫ Aortic Aneurysm
- Cause
- Morphology
- Diagnosis
- Aortic Size
- Biomechanical Information
- Natural History And Complications
- ۱۳۲٫ Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm
- Clinical Significance
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Indications For Surgery
- ۱۳۳٫ Aortic Dissection
- History
- Classifications of Aortic Dissection
- Complications
- Long-Term Changes
- Diagnosis of Aortic Dissection
- Echocardiography in Aortic Dissection
- Therapy and Prognosis
- ۱۳۴٫ Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer and Intramural Hematoma
- Intramural Hematoma
- Clinical Presentation
- Noninvasive Imaging Features
- Management and Prognosis
- Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer
- Prognosis and Management
- ۱۳۵٫ Blunt Aortic Trauma
- Pathophysiology and Classification
- Demographics and Presenting Symptoms
- Transesophageal Echocardiographic Findings
- Diagnosis
- Initial Management
- Conclusion
- ۱۳۶٫ Intraoperative Echocardiography
- Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography: The Thoracic Aorta
- Epiaortic scanning: a solution to the “Blind Spot”
- ۱۳۷٫ Postoperative Echocardiography of the Aorta
- Postsurgical Imaging of the Aortic Root and Aorta
- Common Aortic Surgical Techniques
- Normal Postoperative Features
- Complications After Aortic Repair
- Composite Graft Dehiscence
- Recommendations for Serial Imaging Techniques and Schedules
- ۱۳۸٫ Aortitis
- Classification
- Giant Cell Arteritis
- Imaging In Gca
- Summary
- Section XXIV. Adult Congenital Heart Diseases
- ۱۳۹٫ Congenital Heart Disease: Basic Principles
- ۱۴۰٫ Systematic Approach to Adult Congenital Heart Disease
- History and Natural History
- Location of the Scar: “The Scar is the Clue”
- Segmental Analysis
- Special Pediatric Views and Their Significance
- The Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography in an Adult Patient with Congenital Heart Disease
- Summary
- ۱۴۱٫ Common Congenital Heart Defects Associated With Left-to-Right Shunts
- Atrial Septal Defect
- Ventricular Septal Defect
- Atrioventricular Septal Defect
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus
- ۱۴۲٫ Obstructive Lesions
- Anatomy of the Outflow Tracts and Thoracic Aorta
- ۱۴۳٫ The Adult With Unrepaired Complex Congenital Heart Defects
- Summary of The Sequential, Segmental Approach To Complex Congenital Heart Disease
- Acyanotic Complex Congenital Heart Defects
- Limitations in Echocardiographic Assessment of Complex Congenital Heart Disease and the Role of New Technology
- ۱۴۴٫ Adult Congenital Heart Disease With Prior Surgical Repair
- Historical Perspective And Timeline
- Basic Concepts of Surgical Repair
- Important Echocardiographic Considerations In The Postoperative Patient
- Representative Case Examples
- Section XXV. Systemic Diseases
- ۱۴۵٫ Hypertension
- Left Ventricular Size, Chamber Function, And Mass
- Cardiac Mechanics
- Arterial Dynamics
- ۱۴۶٫ Diabetes Mellitus
- Pathophysiology
- Time Course Of Diabetes Mellitus: Anatomic And EchocardiographIC Overview
- Twist And Torsion As Measures Of Cardiac Function In Diabetes
- Right Ventricular Function
- Predictors Of Treatment Success And Mortality
- ۱۴۷٫ End-Stage Renal Disease
- Epidemiology
- Guidelines
- ۱۴۸٫ Obesity
- Pathophysiology
- Cardiac Assessment By Echocardiography
- Technical Issues Associated With Imaging
- ۱۴۹٫ Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Conclusions
- ۱۵۰٫ Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Cause And Pathophysiology
- Prevalence And Outcome
- Diagnostic Approach
- Cardiac Manifestations
- ۱۵۱٫ Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- Demographics And Presenting Symptoms
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnostic Approach
- Cardiac Manifestations
- Management
- ۱۵۲٫ Carcinoid Heart Disease
- Carcinoid Heart Disease
- Echocardiographic Features Of Carcinoid Heart Disease
- Valvular Interventions For Carcinoid Heart Disease
- Summary
- ۱۵۳٫ Amyloid
- Other Amyloidogenic Proteins
- Clinical Presentation
- Echocardiographic Features
- ۱۵۴٫ Sarcoidosis
- Echocardiographic Findings of Cardiac Sarcoidosis
- Novel Echocardiographic Techniques For The Detection Of Cardiac Sarcoidosis
- Multimodality Imaging For Cardiac Sarcoidosis
- Conclusion
- ۱۵۵٫ Cardiac Involvement in Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
- Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
- Secondary Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
- Demographics and Presenting Symptoms
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- ۱۵۶٫ Endocrine Disease
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Acromegaly
- Hypercortisolism
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Conclusion
- ۱۵۷٫ Chagas Cardiomyopathy
- Epidemiology of Chagas Disease
- Pathophysiology of Chagas Disease
- Echocardiographic Findings in Acute Chagas Disease
- Echocardiographic Findings in Indeterminate Chagas Disease (Stage A)
- Echocardiographic Findings in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (Stages B-D)
- ۱۵۸٫ Sickle Cell Disease
- Left Ventricular Structure and Systolic Function
- Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Other Cardiac Findings
- Screening Consideration
- Limitations
- ۱۵۹٫ Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Myocardial Disease
- Pericardial Disease
- Endocardial And Valvular Disease
- Cardiac Tumors
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Atherosclerosis
- ۱۶۰٫ Cardiotoxic Effects of Cancer Therapy
- Cancer Therapeutics–Related Cardiac Dysfunction
- Anthracycline–Mediated Cardiac Dysfunction
- Trastuzumab–Associated Cardiac Dysfunction
- Combined Chemotherapy
- Echocardiographic Evaluation of Patients Receiving Cancer Therapy
- Conclusions
- ۱۶۱٫ Pregnancy and the Heart
- Physical Examination Findings In Normal Pregnancy
- Physiologic Changes With Pregnancy
- Echocardiographic Findings During Normal Pregnancy
- Final Interpretation of Echocardiographic Findings In Uncomplicated Pregnancy
- ۱۶۲٫ Cocaine
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Assessment
- Echocardiography
- Cocaine Use In Pregnancy
- Treatment
- ۱۶۳٫ Incidental Noncardiovascular Findings on Echocardiography
- Heart and Pericardium
- Lungs and Pleural Space
- Stomach and Colon
- Conclusions
- Section XXVI. Interventional Echocardiography
- ۱۶۴٫ Evaluation of Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
- Patient Selection
- Preprocedural Imaging
- Procedural Imaging
- Postprocedural Follow-Up
- ۱۶۵٫ Mitral Valve Balloon Valvuloplasty
- Patient Selection For Mitral Valve Balloon Valvuloplasty
- Determining The Cause Of Mitral Stenosis
- Determining Ms Severity
- Conclusions
- ۱۶۶٫ Percutaneous Mitral Edge-to-Edge Repair
- Indications
- Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Procedure
- Conclusions
- ۱۶۷٫ Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement
- Transcatheter Replacement of Failed Surgical Mitral Valve Repairs and Bioprostheses
- Transcatheter Replacement of Native Mitral Valve
- Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement for Noncalcific Native Mitral Valve Disease
- ۱۶۸٫ Transcatheter Valve-in-Valve Implantation
- Valve-in-Valve Procedure
- Imaging
- Procedural Guidance
- Complications
- Conclusion
- ۱۶۹٫ Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defect Closure
- Atrial Septal Defect Closure
- Ventricular Septal Defect Closure
- ۱۷۰٫ Transcatheter Closure of Cardiac Pseudoaneurysms
- Pathophysiology of Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm
- Echocardiographic Imaging
- Other Imaging Modalities
- Clinical Course and Treatment Options
- Conclusion
- ۱۷۱٫ Echocardiographic Imaging of Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion
- Left Atrial Appendage Anatomy Specific to Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion
- Surgical Left Atrial Appendage Closure
- Common Steps for all Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Procedures
- Postprocedural Follow-Up Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Conclusions
- ۱۷۲٫ Periprosthetic Leaks
- Closure Devices
- Preprocedural Planning
- Interventional Echocardiography
- Intraprocedural Guidance
- Postdeployment Detection of Complications
- Follow-Up
- Conclusion
- ۱۷۳٫ Echocardiography-Guided Biopsy of Intracardiac Masses
- Technique of Echocardiography Guidance
- ۱۷۴٫ Vacuum Extraction of Intracardiac Masses
- Angiovac
- Other Devices
- Conclusions
- Section XXVII. Echocardiography in Heart Failure
- ۱۷۵٫ Systematic Echocardiographic Approach to Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy
- The Left Ventricular Assist Device
- Left Ventricular Assist Device Imaging Protocol
- Left Heart Chamber Size and Function and Interventricular Septum Position
- The Right Ventricle
- The Aortic Valve
- Mitral And Tricuspid Regurgitation
- Inflow Cannula
- Outflow Cannula
- Recovery of The Myocardium
- Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Assist Device Complications
- Ramp Studies
- Summary
- ۱۷۶٫ Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, Impella, and Other Circulatory Mechanical Support
- Mechanical Circulatory Support
- Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
- Impella
- Intraaortic Balloon Pump
- Tandemheart
- Rv Support
- ۱۷۷٫ Post Heart Transplant Echocardiographic Evaluation
- Screening
- Perioperative Monitoring
- Posttransplantation Surveillance
- Early Allograft Failure
- Acute Graft Rejection
- Chronic Graft Rejection
- ۱۷۸٫ Pulmonary Hypertension
- Clinical Manifestations
- Definitions of Pulmonary Hypertension: Invasive and Noninvasive
- Echocardiography Assessment of Pressures
- Definition of Physiologies
- Echocardiographic Assessment of Physiologies
- Acute Rises in Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
- Echocardiography Prediction of Prognosis
- Echocardiography Assessment of Therapy
- Conclusion
- ۱۷۹٫ Echocardiography in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
- Pathophysiology
- Phenotyping
- Diagnostic Value
- Prognostic Value
- Conclusions
- Index
نقد و بررسیها
هنوز بررسیای ثبت نشده است.